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Five Great Feature Ideas for Writers

It doesnt matter whether youre a full-time reporter, a part-time blogger, or a freelancer, all writers need a steady source of feature story ideas. Sometimes, a great feature story will land in your lap, but as a seasoned journalist will tell you, relying on chance is no way to build a portfolio of impressive writing. It takes diligence and hard work, writers say. Tips for Writers Always take notes:  You may discover a great subject for a story on your way to the grocery store or meet by chance at a social event. Inspiration can strike at any time. Keep a small notebook or use a note-taking app on your smartphone to jot down ideas as they strike you.Listen: When you do interview someone, remember to let them do most of the talking. Ask questions that cant be answered with a simple yes or no, such as, Tell me how that made you feel?Keep an open mind: Its easy to make snap judgments and assumptions, but a good writer must keep his or her prejudices at bay. Your job is to be objective and learn as much about your subject as possible.Pay attention: How do your sources behave? What does the location look like? What events are occurring? Information like this, as well as direct quotes from a source, will give your reader a fuller appreciation of your writing and subject matter.Accuracy matters: Check all of your data to make sure theyre accurate, triple-check fact s, and make sure youve proofread for spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors. Remember, it takes a long time to develop a reputation for fairness and accuracy, but just a single mistake to tarnish it. Ideas and Topics Features convey information and facts just like a breaking news story. But a feature is usually much longer and more nuanced than a hard news story, which usually just contains the most relevant or recent factual information. Features allow room for analysis and interpretation, narrative progression, and other elements of rhetorical or creative writing. These five topics are a good place to start if youre looking for feature ideas. Some topics may require days or even weeks of research before you can write a story, while other subjects can be covered in just a few hours.   Profile: Interview a prominent or interesting person in your community and write a profile of them. Possible profile subjects could include the mayor, a judge, a musician or writer, a military veteran, a professor or teacher, or a small business owner.Live-in: Arrange to spend some time at a local homeless shelter, hospital emergency room, nursing home, police precinct or courthouse. Describe the rhythms of the place and the people who work there.News: Talk to community leaders about local issues and trends. Crime, education, taxes, and development are perennial topics of interest to readers, but sports, arts, and cultural events are also newsworthy. Potential sources include city council members, community and grassroots organizations, and local institutions.On-the-spot: Cover an event in your community and write a story on deadline about it. Ideas could include the opening of an art exhibit, a talk by a visiting lecturer or expert, a charity event like a fundraising run, a parade, and so on.Review: Attend the production of a local concert, play or other cultural event and write a review. Or interview the musicians or actors involved and write a story about them. Resources and Further Reading Curtis, Anthony. â€Å"How to Write a Feature Story.† Journalism Skills, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, 2011.â€Å"How to Write a Profile Feature Article.† New York Times Learning Network, High Wire, 1999.Klems, Brian A. â€Å"The Secret to Writing Stronger Feature Articles.† Writers Digest, FW Media, 2 July 2014.

USING FINANCIAL ANALYSYSIS TO ASSESS A BUSINESSES FOOTING - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1545 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? British Petroleum is one of the largest companies providing energy. The company operates across six different continents, their products and services are also available in more than hundred countries in the world. The company yearly make a huge return on investments for its share holders. Bp is a growing local oil company into a world energy group. BP has employed over 80,000 people all around the world. BACKGROUND British petroleum 2007 to 2009 British Petroleum starts mango production offshore Trinidad On November 17, 2007 British Petroleum started the natural gas production from the mango field. The mango field is 35 miles south east of Galeota point in water depth of some 235 feet. British Petroleum in Trinidad and Tobago holds 100 percent interest in the field. The field is developed by a single unmanned platform with a capacity to produce from a well. The gas is exported through a pipeline which is 26 inches in diameter. The mango platform is the second to be built to the same size and standard as the cannon balls platform. The 860 tonne mango jacket and 890 tonne topside were built at the Trinidad offshore fabrications (TOFCO). 2008 Energy utilization rises as supplies hold-up but free energy markets do work On June 11th , 2008 the quality of world energy market was high and its price was unstable. This had a great impact on the supply and demand on the energy products. British Petroleum shows that the worlds fossil fuel resource has enough energy to sustain world growing population in spite of this issue. The weak point in the supply of the oil and rising demand outside the OECD also makes the work harder for the energy supply industry. The downfall in the production of oil in the OECD shows the issue that resources are not a constraint globally, but the recourse with British petroleum oil are limited. This is because of the barriers like political factors, taxes plays an vital role in this. Despite of high energy prices, the world energy market produces reliable energy supply. The statics in the year 2007 shows the market do work, the consumers and produces respond to changes in the energy prices. 2009 British petroleum discovered giant oil at its Tiber prospect in the deepwater US Gulf Of Mexico On 2nd September 2009 the Tiber well is located around 400 kilometres in south east of Houston and is in 4,132 feet of water . The depth of the Tiber well is about 35,055 feet which is 10,685 meters exactly which makes is the one of the deepest wells ever made by the oil and gas company. This well found oil in different lower territory reservoirs. The review will be needed to determine the size of the Tiber well discovery. The British petroleum has already discovered Kaskidas well and this Tiber is the discovery of British petroleum. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "USING FINANCIAL ANALYSYSIS TO ASSESS A BUSINESSES FOOTING" essay for you Create order Ratio Analysis for British petroleum PROFITABILITY Analysis of profitability for the company British petroleum for profit margin, Return of share holders funds (ROSF) and Return of capital employed (ROCE) 2009 2008 2007 Profit Margin 10.21 9.34 10.85 Return on shareholders funds (ROSF) 24.73 37.55 33.74 Return on capital employed (ROCE) 14.34 21.88 21.08 PROFIT MARGIN Profit margin is ratio of profitability calculated as net  income  divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. The profit margin of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 10.85, 9.34 and 10.21 respectively. Comparing the profit margin in the year 07 and 08 there is a decrease in the profit to 1.51 and comparing with 08 to the next year there is a increase in the profit up to 0.87. Even though there is increase in the profit in the year 2009, 2007 profit margin is higher compared to the last year. Return on shareholders funds (ROSF) ROSF ratio is a measure of profitability. ROSF of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 33.74, 37.55 and 24.73 respectively. When we compare the ratio of the year 2007 which is 33.74 to the year 2008 which is 37.55 there is increase in the ratio up to 3.81 percent. Comparing the ratios of 2008 and 2009 there is a great downfall up to 12.82 percent. When comparing the ratio of the year 2009 to 2007 the result remains the same which is, the ratio has decreased. Return on capital employed (ROCE) The ROCE ratio compares the net profit (before interest and taxation) generated by company to the long term capital invested in the company during the same period. ROCE of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 21.08, 21.88 and 14.34 respectively. On comparing the ratios of the year 2007 which is 21.08 and the year 2008 which is 21.88 there is a slight increase in the ratio percentage which is 0.8 percent. But when comparing 2008 ratio with the next year there is a big downfall to the ratio in 2009 which is 14.34 percent and difference in the ratios between these two years is 7.54 percent. Conclusion It is to be noted that the company has a growth in all the three ratios from the year 2007 to 2008, but from the year 2008 to the next year which is 2009 there is decrease in all the three ratios. This makes us clear that the company is going down in the profitability compared to the previous two years. Ratios Ratios are useful indicators for the companys performance and financial conditions. Ratios can analyse and predict the future of the company. Now we shall analyse the ratios of BP for liquid ratio, gearing ratio, current ratio and share holders liquid ratio. 2009 2008 2007 Liquid Ratio 0.76 0.71 0.69 Gearing Ratio 82.42 89.52 77.22 Current Ratio 1.14 0.95 1.04 Share holders Liquid Ratio 1.38 1.40 1.67 Liquid ratio Liquid Ratio is a ratio which measures companys capability to pay short term bills. Liquid ratios of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 are 0.69, 0.71 and 0.76. As we compare the ratios of the year 2007 and 2008 there is an increase in the ratio up to 0.02. And comparing the year 2008 with next year, there is an increase again in the ratio, but the ratio which has increased between these two years is more (0.05) compared to 2007 and 2008. Gearing Ratio Gearing Ratio in the year 2007 is 77.22 but when compared to the year 2008 which is 89.52 there is good increase in the gearing ratio which is 12.3 percent. But when comparing the ratio of the year 2008 to the next year 2009 which is 82.42 the ratios have been decreased by 7.1 percent. When we compare the ratios for the year 2009 and 2007 we can find that there is a increase in ratio by 5.2 percent. Current ratio Current ratio of BP in the year 2007 is 1.04 when comparing this ratio to the year 2008 which is 0.95 there is a decrease in the current ratio up to 0.09. When we compare the ratio of the year 2008 to the next year 2009 which is 1.14, we can see there is an increase by 0.19. Now comparing the ratios of 2009 and 2007, here also we can find that ratio has increased from the year 2007 to the year 2009. Share holders Liquid ratio Here are the share holders liquid ratio for three consecutive year 2007, 2008 and 2009 which is 1.67, 1.40 and 1.38 respectively. When comparing 2007 and 2008 ratios we can see that the ratios have been decreased by 0.27. And the comparing 2008 ratio with the very next ratio which is 2009 we can see that the ratios have been declined again up to 0.02. When comparing 2007 and 2009 ratios we can see there is decrease in the results. Conclusion All the four ratios are act in four different ways for three years comparison. For Liquid ratio the ratios are gradually increasing from 2007 to 2009. In Gearing ratio the ratios increase from 2007 to 2008 and then it decreases from there. For Current ratio the ratios decreases from the year 2007 to 2008 and then it increases. For Share holders Liquid ratio the ratios gradually decreases. Turn over Turnover is the annual sales of the company. 2009 2008 2007 Turnover 152,417 253,088 146,238 When comparing the turnover for BP for the year 2007 (146,238) and 2008 (253,088) we can see that the company has improved in that year the turnover has been improved. But comparing the next two years which is 2008 (253,088) and 2009 (152,417) it is to be noted that there is downfall in the companies turnover. Current Event since 2009 Balance Sheet In 20th April 2010 there was a explosion and fire in BP oil rig which took place in deepwater horizon in Gulf Of Mexico. After this incident took place eleven workers was reported missing and around seventeen workers was injured. And three days after this incident it is found that the oil is leaking from the well. US coast guards found that oil which leaks from the well is around 5000 barrels of crude oil per day. This is around 430,000 dollars per day. This event will give a big impact on this years balance sheet because the company has lost good will, there will be big loss in companys profit margin and turn over because of the loss of 5000 barrels per day. There will also bring down all ratios because of explosion and oil spill and workers missing. BP after this event has lost its good will. Conclusion In conclusion the analysis of the ratios says the year 2008 is the best year compared to the three years (2007, 2008, and 2009). Except for profit margin, share holders liquid ratio and current ratio compared to the previous year it has decreased to an extent. And in this years (2010) balance sheet will go down to an extent because of the explosion and fire in the oil rig and even issue of workers in oil rig has been missing after the explosion. The companys shares will go down and the company will also lose its good will. The companys profit margin and turn over will go down because of the oil spill which consumes around 5000 barrels of crude oil per day.

The Victims Of Teen Dating Violence And Substance Abuse

Consequences of this type of victimization are of increasing public health concern. Several studies identified a significant correlation among victims of teen dating violence and substance abuse. Those committing the act were more likely to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol, and victims show increasing signs of substance addiction to cope (Temple et al., 2013). Victims of teen dating violence can have increased problems associated with mental health, sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, weight issues, and suicidal ideology (Maas, 2010). As a result of these health problems students may become dropouts and achieve low academic score. The cost of intimate partner violence against women was estimated to cost almost six billion dollars in 1995 alone. By 2003 the cost was estimate to have exceed $8.3million to include assault, rape, death, and stalking. Victims of severe violence have lost a total of 8 million days of work (CDC, 2015). So how can one correct and/or prevent the occurrence of intimate domestic violence among this impressionable population? Prevention should begin no later than middle school age. Stopping the problematic behavior before it starts its key. However, the world isn’t perfect therefore student may participate in programs to help control anger management and build social skills. Many school promote healthy dating habits and relationships within the teen population. This is done via programs such Dating matters,Show MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating Sean D. Foster Bellevue University The biggest threat about teenage dating is their inability to maintain a relationship. Teenagers mostly, do not understand the necessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience and a broader understanding of what relationships are (DasguptaRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimizationRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Teens1386 Words   |  6 Pagesdomestic violence within a relationship before they turn 25. Out of these people, only 1 out of every 3 will tell someone about it (PDVG). Dating violence among teenagers has risen alarmingly in the past few years, and unfortunately many people in this age group do not have the maturity or common sense to recognize warning signs of an unhealthy relationship. Due to this, many teenagers become trapped in toxic relationships and it can damage them mentally and physically. Domestic violence amongst teensRead MoreEssay about date violence1678 Words   |  7 Pages Date Violence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sigmund Freud, an early Austrian psychologist, is famous for his fundamental contributions to research in psychology. The greatest contribution of Sigmund Freud is considered to be the so called psychoanalysis. This method of research was based on case studies through recording and study of the mental problems of his patients. After having thoroughly studied hundreds of such cases, Sigmund Freud arrived to a conclusion, that many of the psychological problemsRead MoreTeens and Domestic Violence1336 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, teens are becoming more and more involved in domestic violence. No one would have thought that we would have a problem with domestic violence in our generation, that we left that back in the ancient times. We have overlooked domestic violence, we thought that it wasn’t an important matter but now in the past decade it has increased rapidly. In this paper, I will discuss whether or not teens are being physicall y and emotionally hurt in relationships are because when they were youngerRead MoreThe Effects Of Teenage Dating Violence And Abusive Relationships Among Adolescents1575 Words   |  7 PagesTeen-dating violence happens to be one of the most common forms of violence, and it can be influenced from families, peers, or internal issues. 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THe Operating budget Free Essays

It will recognize one to two difficulties a Budget Analyst will have in dealing with the monetary allowance. This paper will suggest two to three techniques the org ought to survey with respect to new activities and plan cuts throughout the following five years. Introduction With roots traversing the distance once more to the sass’s, The City of New Orleans is the Largest Metropolitan city in the State of Louisiana. We will write a custom essay sample on THe Operating budget or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a port city, which had a populace of 343, 829 as of the 2010 U. S. Statistics (Bureau, 2012). The mission, objectives and targets of the city are to have more open security, more occupation reaction, more entertainment for the young, and to decrease curse in the city. New Orleans is still in a move stage. Despite the fact that it has been 9 years after Hurricane Strain, one of America’s Deadliest Hurricanes, the city is as of now remaking, even now rebuilding regardless really developing. Typhoon Strain influenced the city’s monetary wellbeing. The city has a few divisions that they need to help run the city and keep it going easily. In this modifying move, the key arrangement of the city is attempting to keep the city’s financial plan streamlined without slicing crucial administrations to the subjects of New Orleans. The Mayor’s 2014 Budget was ready utilizing a methodology called Budgeting for Outcomes (BOO). Planning for Outcomes is intended to enhance benefits and improve degree of profitability of open dollars. BOO begins with a set of comes about that matter to nationals and empower imaginative methods for attaining them inside the assets accessible. In accordance with the Mayor’s planning standards, BOO accentuates responsibility, development and cooperation. Like execution planning, BOO concentrates on what general society gets, the extent to which it costs and how results will be measured. BOO begins with the results natives need from their City government and attempts to adjust those necessities to the monetary allowance choice making methodology. Offices are welcome to submit â€Å"offers† to clarify how they can attain the best comes about that matter to natives for the least cost and what execution measures they will use to exhibit achievement. The Government Finance Officers Association (GOOF) has received this methodology to planning as a â€Å"prescribed best practice. † (Nolan. Gob, 2014) For the 2014 financial plan, The City of New Orleans has assessed aggregate income of 837,516,571 and evaluated aggregate sees of 837,516,571. This figure does exclude the 247. 4 million in capital consumptions. In reference to financing, in the improvement of the 2014 Budget, the City created a multi-year income estimate for the General Fund. The figure considered key components, for example, expected financial development, development standpoint, populace development, and different pointers. Real income sources, for example, deals expense were determined utilizing national and nearby projections of financial action and noteworthy patterns and examples of income accumulation. Sources utilized within creating these projections incorporate national monetary gauges for expansion, and development in true GAP. The City’s obligation commitments might be partitioned into two classes: working obligation and general commitment obligation. These classifications are overseen by the Department of Finance and the Board of Liquidation. The obligation incorporates retirement and annuity for city workers, including fire and police laborers. It additionally incorporates a few securities and advances. (Nolan. Gob, 2014) Plan Challenges One significant test will be the Consent Decree ordered by the legislature, for the New Orleans Police Department. A Consent Decree is a request issued by a Judge that communicates a deliberate understanding by the members in a claim. Now and again a suit closes when a Judge issues an assent declaration, or an assent Judgment. This is particularly the situation when the declaration is issued after one side of the case willfully consents to stop a specific activity without confessing to any illicitness of the activity. For an assertions between two gatherings to be viewed as tying and legitimate, it should additionally be perceived by the court. An assent proclaim for this situation is legal distinguishing of the understanding. The announcement frequently bans one side of the case from specific activities. (weeklies. Com, 2013) The City of New Orleans was included in an assent order with the New Orleans Police Department. The full and supported execution of this Agreement is proposed to secure the protected privileges of all parts of the group, enhance the wellbeing and security of the populace of New Orleans, and expand open certainty in the New Orleans Police Department. With the death of the commanded statue, there will be extra financing required to verify things are done as ordered. Those expenses have not yet been uncovered. Plan Recommendations Throughout the following five years two procedures the office ought to survey with respect to new activities would and plan slices would be to go to the natives and figure out what they need, need and longing. As opposed to making arrangements and commitments from the hip, the city ought to captivate with the nationals. The second technique that the City ought to assume is figuring out how to sway its residents to return to the city. A considerable measure of nationals left the city after Hurricane Strain, the popularization was unconquerable. In the event that the city an do a push to recover the subjects that would accumulate more income to the economy. How to cite THe Operating budget, Papers

Marketing Plan for the Rocks Festival-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Plan for the Rocks festival to be held in Sydney. Answer: Introduction The following paper looks to focus on the various factors of making a marketing plan for a festival to be held in Sydney, Australia. This is very important to note that the marketing activities are interconnected with each other because the main purpose of the program is to draw customers and make profits. The best way to do it is selecting the target market for this festival and assessing the value of the program to be held there. The more people pour in, the more will be the profits. This has been one of the most popular festivals in that part of the country so the authority is organizing it with more pomp this time. Background The background for this event can be considered to be one of the foods and drink festival. This is a festival that is focused on arranging for the coffee, tea, chocolate and spices (Haeusler, 2014). The date of this festival is on September 10 and it is celebrated between 10 am and 5 pm. This is a very enjoyable festival and mostly the young people can tend to take over this festival in large numbers. At least 1000 tourists are likely to take over this festival in very quick time. The festival takes place at the Rocks, considered as the trade centre when it was a colony. General description of the tourist attraction This is a very good place for the tourists and the main attractions for this area are the Circular Quay and Campbells Cove (Maitland Newman, 2014).It has been noted that the tourists use to gather here and they make fun all through that mentioned time. The food stalls are put up in this area in the Museum of Contemporary Art along George Street. The tourists gather here and they celebrate this festival by eating the delicious foods and the coffee that is sold at a very cheap cost. The different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, tea, chocolate and spices are sold in this area. The venue is a very beautiful one in the Rocks (Maitland Newman, 2014). Environmental force The environmental forces work as the deciding factor in fetching the tourists to that spot years after years in succession. The macro-environmental and micro-environmental forces help to draw the people to these places like Sydney and Melbourne. The macro environmental issues can be discussed through the PEST analysis (Ho, 2014). Political factors The political stability in these places helps to attract the tourists (Almond Verba, 2015). The good governance policies by the government work as a catalyst as well. Economic factors The places like Sydney and Melbourne are quite accessible in terms of the monetary issues as well. The costs for lodging and paying the fares can be handled by the guests properly. The economic policies of the government have a huge impact on it as well (Ho, 2014). Social factors The social factors like the gathering of so many people together can be taken as an important factor. The lifestyle brands of the target market consumers have a huge impact on it (Ho, 2014). As it is a major event, many people prefer to be a part of it. Technological factors The innovation technique of the RD technology has been quite influential (Anzoategui et al., 2016). The technology of incentives has been quite interesting as well. The effect of telecommunications in the venues will enable the organizers to address more guests. Business conditions The business conditions can be assessed by making a SWOT analysis of the situations. Strengths Australias scenic beauty and uniqueness The global recovery in the economic section is growing that dictates the growth in volume The aviation sector support and transport support is also an important support for tourism industry to flourish (Grant, 2016). Weaknesses The accommodation for the total number of people is very limited The European countries attract the customers more than Australia The number of hotels is not sufficient enough (Grant, 2016). Opportunities The Asian communities can be attracted to this festival for more popularity The inbound and outbound logistics supply has to be strengthened Threats The threats of the inflation and global recession can affect the participation of people in this luxurious ceremony The transport fares in airplane and train is not affordable by everyone (Grant, 2016). Target market The target market for this festival is the young people mostly and the people who have a great affinity with this luxurious festival and want to be present every time. These people belong to well affluent families (Thorson Moore, 2013). Event objective The objectives for this event are to make the visitors enjoy the festival to the fullest and strengthen the economy of Sydney. The government of Sydney makes a huge profit by organizing this event. Key message The key message that can be delivered to the target audience is to make them aware of the festival and its dates and timings. The various kinds of delicious foods and drinks that are offered in this festival at such a cheaper rate are its Unique Selling Proposition (USP) itself (Kiel, 2014). Execution Communication channels The communication channels that can be used here to communicate with the target audience are the internet, social media platforms and websites. The traditional communication channels will help in this matter as well (Kiel, 2014). Message source The message sources are the people who have been part of organizing this festival and the media. They will help to spread the messages about the expansion of this festival. Budget, legal and ethical concerns The budget for this festival has to be within the affordability of the guests who turn out here. The festival will take place for one day only and the costs of the operations, marketing, food services, raw materials, decorations and all other aspects have to be included in this. It can be estimated that around AU$200,000 million will be needed to cover this festival. The organizers can take the help of their sponsors to cover up this event. All the legal frameworks regarding the event operations have to be maintained and the organizers should maintain the ethics as well (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that this event will attract a lot of guests on the day of the event so the organizers should do the marketing activities properly for it. The target audiences should be informed about these things and they should know be informed about the various facilities and advantages they will get if they turn up on that day. This will be beneficial for them and profitable for the organizers as well. References Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton university press. Anzoategui, D., Comin, D., Gertler, M., Martinez, J. (2016).Endogenous Technology Adoption and RD as Sources of Business Cycle Persistence(No. w22005). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Haeusler, M. H. (2014). The Sydney Vivid Festival: From Place Branding to Smart Cities.Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination, 144. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Kiel, I. H. (2014). Entrepreneurial marketing. Maitland, R., Newman, P. (Eds.). (2014).World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Routledge. Thorson, E., Moore, J. (Eds.). (2013).Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press.

Emotion Recognition by Physiological Signals (Brain and EEG Signals)

Question: Describe about the Emotion Recognition by Physiological Signals Brain and EEG Signals? Answer: Introduction: Recent research on Human Computer interaction focuses at the recognition of users emotional state to provide a reliable interface between computer and humans. This concept would provide easy life o deal with. There is a vast application involving such areas of medicine, education etc. Human emotion is recognizable by verities of approaches such as facial images, gesture, neuro imaging methods and physiological signals. Various theories on emotion recognition and current advancement of their methodologies have developed and still going on. There are so many ways to record psychophysiology data from humans, e.g. Electromyography (EMG), Electromyography (EMG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). Here being EEG as the focus point various techniques on machine learning has evolved, such as, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Bayesian Network (BN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), these are some techniques on machine learning to classify the EEG data being used in varieties of experiments (Murugappan, Murugappan and Zheng, 2013). Application of EEG: Most of the developed methods in the literature of neuro physiological studies have submitted the report o the correlation between emotion states and EEG signals. All these methods were based on frequency-domain analysis and time-domain analysis. Event related potentials (ERPs) components reflect the emotional states. To have correlation with the valence, the ERP components of having short to middle latencies have been shown, whereas to have the correlation with the arousal there are the ERP components having middle to long latencies. With the computation of the ERP signals, it requires EEG signal averaging over multiple trials. It is inappropriate to render ERP feature for the online processing (Panayiotopoulos, 2005). Classification of emotions is not deterministic, they are probabilistic in nature. Previous researches over the human emotion recognition has dealt with the probability theory driven classification for the estimation of Human bandwidth of 0.5-100 Hz has been in use to remove noise. Here application of 50 Hz notch filter is done in order to remove noise for power-line interface. Preprocessing including generated vectored input stream, pre-filtering is required in Multi Wave Transform (MWT). There are different possible ways are available to gain the vector input stream. In this task, Vector Input Stream was obtained with the use of repeated scheme of row pre-processing. The filter bank with matrix-valued wavelet also requires inputs with multiple stream, decided by the multiplicity (Petrantonakis and Hadjileontiadis, 2010). Conclusion: All the previous attempts on emotion recognition with the help of the EEG signals are primarily focused on collection of data from nervous system. After going through some literature survey, this brought out two divided opinions. One group of researchers gained less accurate emotion classification using EEG signals, where they state that physiological signals like heart rate, galvanic skin resistance, respiration etc. were in use to get high accuracy. On the other hand they stated their view that EEG signal is sufficient alone for emotion classification, though they are facing it less accurate. It is proposed that only EEG signals alone is used to classify the emotions using neural network two state classifiers, where the selection of features are made for the improvement of the accurate classification (Selvaraj et al., 2013). References Murugappan, M., Murugappan, S., Zheng, B. (2013). Frequency Band Analysis of Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signals for Human Emotional State Classification Using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Journal Of Physical Therapy Science, 25(7), 753-759. doi:10.1589/jpts.25.753 Panayiotopoulos, C. (2005). Optimal Use of the EEG in the Diagnosis and Management of Epilepsies. Bladon Medical Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2601/ Petrantonakis, P., Hadjileontiadis, L. (2010). Emotion Recognition From EEG Using Higher Order Crossings. IEEE Transactions On Information Technology In Biomedicine, 14(2), 186-197. doi:10.1109/titb.2009.2034649 Selvaraj, J., Murugappan, M., Wan, K., Yaacob, S. (2013). Classification of emotional states from electrocardiogram signals: a non-linear approach based on hurst. Biomed Eng Online, 12(1), 44. doi:10.1186/1475-925x-12-44