Demilitarization of Police during War Period Essay

Disarmament of Police during War Period - Essay Example Having followed acutely the occasions that happened in Ferguson after the fierce shooting of the guiltless Michael Brown, it occurred to me that the idea of the militarization of the police ought to be reconsidered. Accordingly, I completely agree with Senator Paul Rand for upholding for the disarmament in his article named ‘We Must Demilitarize the Police.’ I might want to start by emphatically denouncing the propensity of vigorously furnished cops the nation over. It is a high time the American country become a quiet and systematic spot to live in. As Senator Rand shouts, it isn't legitimized to arm the cops with rough weapons like M14, Kevlar Vests, shotguns, Helmets, M16a, guns, defensively covered trucks, disguise, rifle gatherings, programmed rifles, rifle transformation units, magazine cartridges, mine-safe vehicles, poisonous gas and military shirts (Kraska, 2000). To any individual who realizes the harmony procedure, these are not weapons to be utilized for the insurance of the residents. By profiting them to the police drive, it implies that the administration is having sick aims that it is stowing away. Along these lines, I bolster the representative for furiously censuring such acts and upholding for the disarmament procedure. The activity of the cops in Ferguson exhibited how unsafe and damaging the mobilized police power can be. Regardless of whether individuals were exhibiting to fight the demise of Brown, it was not reasonable for them to be misused by the mobilized cops who were clearly not keen on ensuring, however threatening them. Via taking such unrefined weapons and cordoning away the remote regions of Ferguson, it is questionable that the police were not considering these individuals ought to be offered any security. Rather, it appears that they had proclaimed them as individuals to be involved. Consequently, their supplication for give up and retreat couldn't yield numerous natural products. Along these lines, as the congressperson puts it, the assault on innocuous residents who were only communicating theirâ fury over the demise of one of their own was an indication of terrible police power.

Big Bad Burger

The Brain Behind the Big, Bad Burger Section 1: Analysis Most Americans will devour any food paying little heed to the calories, healthy benefit and wellbeing related results. The Brain behind the Big, Bad Burger article makes reference to the significance of utilizing a Business Intelligence System (BIS) which â€Å"provides them with bits of knowledge, not only piles of data† (Levison, 2005). Business Intelligence gets its quality from having the option to pull information from different sources store it for use in an inexactly coupled manner, and afterward haul it out in a precise and important way.Organizations can pull information from client overviews and marketing numbers; in any case, this data is futile without a system. Jeff Chasney, CKE’S CIO explained this point further by expressing â€Å"There's not all that much, as I would see it, than a business knowledge framework that reports changes on a week by week premise, he says, on the grounds that those frame works don't give any setting with regards to what variables are impacting those changes.Without that specific situation, you don't know whether the information is fortunate or unfortunate; it's simply useless† (Levison, 2005). BIS accumulates data from different information focuses in the organization to make multifaceted relevant measurements for better dynamic. For instance, BIS helped CKE decide whether the Thickburger was really adding to increments in deals at cafés or on the off chance that it was simply tearing apart deals of other, lesser burgers. CKE Thickburger in certainty increased their business â€Å"it was selling like gangbusters†.The achievement was estimated through an assortment of information focuses including cost of creation, normal unit volume contrasted and different burgers, complete deals for every one of the test stores, and the commitment of that menu thing to add up to deals (Levinson, 2005). The Monster Thickburger surpassed desires in tes t market, and this is the reason CKE chose to turn it out across the nation. Segment 2: Summary of Discussion Questions 1. BIS add esteems to CKP by concentrating on the organization's most significant exhibition markers which included deals and cost of offer, verifiable and forward-looking business trends.BIS utilizes econometric models to give setting which clarifies execution. By having this data the organization is increasingly nimble and receptive to improve settling on choices and discovering issues zones to address and take new bearings in the quickly evolving cheap food industry situations. 2. A few hints for utilizing BIS is for key choices, for example, what new items to add to menus, which dishes to expel and which failing to meet expectations stores ought to be shut. BIS can be utilized for strategic issues like renegotiating contracts with food providers and distinguishing chances to improve wasteful processes.BIS can likewise help improve the framework of the flexibly chain. BIS is an expository apparatus that assists administrators with settling on better choices. It is significant that we focus on information quality and honesty to ensure that we are not putting together our judgment with respect to incorrect information. I will likewise propose contriving key execution measurements (KPI’s) that are generally pertinent to the business to inspect the deviations that are making misfortunes the activities and find openings zones to develop and exploit. One final tip which is significant is to consider users’ sentiments, and address their interests up front.The achievement of the BI frameworks is client acknowledgment and without client acknowledgment, organizations will sit around idly and cash setting up a Business Intelligence System. 3. The Monster Thickburger was a smart thought since it expanded deals at eateries and it limited its general misfortunes and even turned a benefit in 2003. For whatever length of time that you have a thought of what data you are searching for a framework can be executed so as to find that data and comprehend it. References Levinson, Meredith. (2005). The Brain Behind the Big, Bad Burger and Other Tales of Business Intelligence. CIO Magazine.

Ethical dilemma essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moral predicament - Essay Example Additionally, on the off chance that we pushed the cutoff time back, we would risk the customer pulling back from the case since his amazingly bustling timetable may keep him from taking care of the additional administrative work that would be required if the archive was to be authorized. I returned home that night and thoroughly considered it. I realized that since I had my supervisor’s endorsement, I wouldn’t be considered responsible on the off chance that anything turned out badly. In any case, I accept that as a money related guide, I had the guardian duty to guarantee that the customers know about all parts of the speculations. Additionally, with the goal for me to give my best administrations, I generally attempt to envision myself in the circumstance that my customer is in. I realized that on the off chance that I were the customer, I would be very disillusioned in the event that I discovered that my monetary administrations supplier regarded me as just â€Å"a nother recorded folder† as opposed to an esteemed customer who merited the most ideal help. The next day, I requested that my chief allot the task to me so I could alter the difficulty before the cutoff time. In spite of the fact that reluctantly, my chief concurred. I promptly reached the customer, advised him about the circumstance, and apologized that because of the common conditions, we probably won't have the option to make the cutoff time that he initially set for us.

The development of privacy laws in the states of America. Missouri Essay

The improvement of security laws in the conditions of America. Missouri - Essay Example Security laws in the United States have their birthplaces in the British custom-based law, which shielded people from just the impedance with their lives and with their property. This came to be additionally evolved in the United States with the organization of state laws and rules, which further extended this wrongdoing to incorporate the impedance with the enthusiastic prosperity of an individual. With the coming and constant advancement of broad communications, there is by all accounts almost no security being left to people and this has guaranteed that the present state security laws keep on developing to ensure that the security of people is secured (Sullivan, 2010). The Missouri Revised Statute No. 565.253 states that an individual will have carried out the wrongdoing of attack to security of the subsequent degree if such an individual purposely perspectives, movies, or takes another person’s photos without the last person’s mindfulness or authorization (Missouri Revised Statutes, 2010). Additionally, this wrongdoing will be said to have been submitted if the individual being shot or captured is in a condition of exposure or fractional bareness and if this individual is in a spot where the person in question would foresee their very own sensible conviction security. Moreover, this resolution expresses that an individual will be considered to have carried out the wrongdoing of attack of protection in the event that he covertly takes photos or films someone else utilizing a hid camera or camcorder without the latter’s assent. ... These laws were later expanded to incorporate the privilege of an individual to be disregarded and property was additionally characterized as including all types of assets, both unmistakable and impalpable. A few researchers accept that the chronicled custom-based law concerning protection can even now be applied today particularly in circumstances where the privilege to security can't be unmistakably characterized by the momentum laws (Thaemert, 2002). They accept that the customary law is a lot more extensive than current laws and that it should were to be paid attention to in issues concerning security and not dismissed as it is today. Custom-based law protection torts are infrequently utilized today and truth be told, they are not material in situations where the influenced individual is viewed as newsworthy in spite of the way that they give a more extensive scope of alternatives than the Fourth Amendment. In the United States, the assurance against the attack of protection chan ges from state to state and the American constitution itself doesn't give solid punishments against it. A few states have an elevated level of insurance against the intrusion of protection while some are progressively loose and a suspect may get free effectively (Siegel et al, 2009). This isn't the situation with customary law which not just secures the privilege of people to be disregarded however it likewise guarantees that their property whenever ensured. The precedent-based law is progressively explicit in its application since it shields a person from the intrusion of their protection from both the legislature and private residents (Clapman, 2003). The advancement of the present laws and rules has been to a great extent impacted by the appearance of broad communications everywhere throughout the world and the yearning that numerous individuals have for shocking news. The greater part of this exceptionally requested news necessitates that those seeking after it attack the

The Development of the American Conservation Movement Essay examples --

The Development of the American Conservation Movement John Muir helped the advancement of the American preservation development during the late nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth century. The making of the National Park Service, the production of a few significant national parks, including Yosemite National Park and the formation of the Sierra Club were all a direct result of John Muir. In the late nineteenth century America was in a phase of extension and monetary advancement that utilized just as compromised a great part of the common world. A great part of the financial improvement was as industrialization that caused significant damage of the earth with the two its utilization of common assets also contamination. This extension and monetary improvement had unfriendly results on the earth of the United States. During this season of improvement many got mindful of the harm being done to the common world and endeavored to forestall or constrain this harm being finished. It is during this season of both industrialization and otherworldly arousing that the preservation development emerged with one of its most popular activists, John Muir. John Muir accepted that for the eventual fate of America that the normal world ought to be secured. Muir felt that the earth of a great part of the United States was not secured appropriately and the areas that were ensured were not overseen sufficiently. Muir felt that Americans had a lot to pick up from the insurance of their national assets and park lands. In John Muir’s book Our National Parks, written in 1901 he states: â€Å"Awakening from the stunning impacts of the bad habit of over-industry and the savage aloofness of extravagance, they are trying as well as can be expected to blend and improve their own... .... The protection development had developed and spread because of the industrialization of America. John Muir turned into a pioneer of this development to ensure the characteristic world for all ages. His candid activities were significant impacts in the security of numerous national stops just as the conventional course of action of the National Park System which today despite everything ensures our characteristic world. [i] John Muir, Our National Parks. ( Boston, New York: Houghton Milffin Company, 1901)pg.1. 2 John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierras. ( Boston, New York: Hougnton, Milffin Company, 1911)pg,138. 3 Henry Thoreau, Excursions. (Boston: Ticker and Fields, 1863)pg.41. 4 Gifford Pinchot. The Fight for Conservation.(New York: Doubleday,Page and Company, 1910) Summary 5 John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierras. ( Boston, New York: Houghton, Milffin Company, 1911)pg.196.

A Field Guide to Spotting Predatory Lenders

A Field Guide to Spotting Predatory Lenders A Field Guide to Spotting Predatory Lenders A Field Guide to Spotting Predatory LendersThe lending jungle can be a dangerous place, especially if your low credit score has you at the bottom of the food chain.Unlike those dang falcons, with their 800+ credit scores  soaring high above the trees without a worry in the world, the rest of us  have to constantly be on the lookout for predators. Specifically, predatory lenders. They can smell out a bad credit score from a distance of 20 miles and have fangs that can completely shred a bank account in under 10 seconds.That’s all metaphorically speaking, of course.  Real  predatory lenders dont have big fangs and lean haunches, they just have short-payment terms, sky-high interest rates, and super sketchy business practices.Heres your field guide to understanding if you might be dealing with a predatory lender.They don’t do a credit check.If  you have bad credit and need a loan, you might think you should avoid lenders who perform credit checks. But a lender who doesnt look for re d flags (like troubled credit history) is, in itself, a red flag. The right bad credit loan can be a handy tool in a time of crisis, but a sketchy no credit check loan is more likely to land you in even  more  financial trouble than you were already in.If the lender isn’t concerned about your previous payment history, there’s a good chance that their fees and interest are so high and their payment terms so restrictive that the lender knows they can make more money off you not being able to pay them back. Their business model depends on continuously paying interest and extending the loan instead of paying it off in a reasonable time.If you are going to a lender who uses credit checks, try and find one who uses a soft credit check. Unlike hard credit checks, these will not have a negative impact on your credit score, which, if you’re reading this, you probably don’t need to have further damaged.Watch out for “cash advance loans.”A cash advance is money you get from using y our credit card. You can take out cash within your credit limit, but the interest rates are higher than with normal use and there’s no grace period, so the interest starts accumulating immediately.However, if you see a lender advertising “cash advance loans” they’re probably just offering a payday loan or some other kind of sketchy predatory loan. Cash advances arent great, but they are much better than a lot of more dangerous alternatives. If you’re not using your credit card to get it, it isn’t a cash advance loan.Look out for short payment terms.Payday loans tend to have very short payment terms. Around two weeks, on average. And at the end of that time, you’ll have to pay back the whole loan, plus interest and fees. That’s not a lot of wiggle room.If you’re totally sure you’ll be able to pay it back in time, then there’s no problem. But even then: just because you plan  on having the money to pay the loan back doesnt mean you  will  have it.You might be saf er if you can find an installment loan that can provide you a payment plan that fits within your budget. Ideally, they won’t have a penalty for prepayment either. That way, if you are able to pay it all back within two weeks, you won’t have to pay nearly as much interest.Don’t give them your car.Title loans are a lot like payday loans, except they require your car as collateral. You get all the high interest rates and short payment terms with the added fun of losing your car if you can’t pay it.And its not like the chances are super remote either: One study from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau found that one in five title loan customers gets their vehicle repossessed! That number is high.Skip the title loan and stick with an unsecured personal loan from a more reputable bad credit lender. Not being able to pay back a loan sucks, losing your car over it sucks way more.Read the reviews.When you’re looking for a lender, take some time to read their reviews online. T his should give you some idea about the lender’s business practices. And this goes for all kinds of lenders, whether theyre a storefront down the street or an internet-based  lender providing online loans.User reviews will give you an idea of how a lender treats their customers. If you only read a companys advertisements, youll always come away thinking theyre the bees knees. User reviews will give you a much clearer picture of what the companys like. Maybe theyre not the bees knees at all. Maybe theyre something much worse, like the bees, um, armpit or something.Using the mistakes or successes of other people is a great way to avoid mistakes and achieve successes of your own. You should still read the actual terms of any agreement before you sign it, but reviews can be a great source of supplementary information.They have bad customer service.Reading reviews should help you get a sense of if a lender has responsive customer service. Ideally, you want a number you can call with a real person on the other end who can help you immediately if you think you’re going to have trouble making your payments.A good lender makes money from customers that can actually afford to pay them back, and thus they should want to help you do so if you’re struggling. It should be a mutually beneficial relationship.A predatory lender just wants to (metaphorically) swallow your finances whole. Once you’re able to spot these shady players, you can avoid them and keep working on building up your credit. Someday, youll be one of those falcons, soaring through the sky and taking out falcon-only credit card with totally sick falcon rewards.To learn more about predatory lending, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:What’s Worse: An Overdraft Fee or A Payday Loan?Want to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundYour Guide to Cash Advance ScamsHave you ever taken out a loan from a predatory lender?  We want to hear about it!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

5 Questions to Answer in Your University Book Review

5 Questions to Answer in Your University Book Review At first thought, it seems that there is no difference between a book review, book report and book summary. The only true fact is that all these types of writing deal with a book. However, among the three a book review has a special purpose to describe, analyse and evaluate books citing evidence and examples from the book in question. Many students are not sure that they’re on the right way while working on a university book review. As a result, they can get very low scores for it. Want to be highly assessed? Bring 5 questions into focus to answer them in your book review. 1.   Who is the Author of the Book? In a book review, you have to give credit to the author. The author’s name and background should be part of an introduction. You can also state the perspective from which the author wrote the book and evaluate if he or she was biased in favour of writing the book or not. Besides, focus on the question why the author wrote on this subject rather than on some other subject. 2.   What is the Thesis of the Book? A good book review has two theses the author’s thesis and your thesis based on how you understand the book. Concerning the authors thesis, you should explain whether he or she expresses it adequately in the book and by what means. Cite examples from the book to support your claims. Another thesis brings new insight into the book content and should help readers understand it from different perspectives. You can provide both   evaluations positive and negative. 3.   Was the Intended Message Delivered Effectively? Every book intends to carry a particular message to the audience. A clear message is meant to emerge from writing. It is your task as a student to determine what message the author intended to communicate and whether he/she effectively got across this message. Feel free to criticize anything that you feel the author didn’t capture perfectly. After all, that’s the essence of a book review be critical. To critically analyze and evaluate a book in your review! 4.   What are the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book? A book review is not yet complete if you don’t highlight various strengths and weaknesses belonging to the book under consideration. It is recommended that you have a paragraph with each point. Cite evidence from the book by explaining them, otherwise, your book review won’t be reliable as required. For each weakness, you should provide a possible solution that can help improve the book. 5.   Is there an Alternative Way of Arguing the Same Idea? It is within the bounds of possibility that people can be on opposite ends. When it comes to a book review, don’t forget to demonstrate the other ways of presenting the same idea. Irrespective of whether the author argued his/her ideas effectively you should evaluate whether there are possible alternatives to it. State them and explain how each of them would have brought a whole new dimension into the book. There are a few basic questions that you have to answer when writing a university book review. We have highlighted them that you should pay attention to so that you’ll be able to write a really good book review. Another way to complete a review without being confused is to apply our custom writing service for buying book reviews online. Our academic writers are ready to help you out immediately you ask for assistance.

Top Massachusetts Colleges and Universities

Five Great Feature Ideas for Writers

It doesnt matter whether youre a full-time reporter, a part-time blogger, or a freelancer, all writers need a steady source of feature story ideas. Sometimes, a great feature story will land in your lap, but as a seasoned journalist will tell you, relying on chance is no way to build a portfolio of impressive writing. It takes diligence and hard work, writers say. Tips for Writers Always take notes:  You may discover a great subject for a story on your way to the grocery store or meet by chance at a social event. Inspiration can strike at any time. Keep a small notebook or use a note-taking app on your smartphone to jot down ideas as they strike you.Listen: When you do interview someone, remember to let them do most of the talking. Ask questions that cant be answered with a simple yes or no, such as, Tell me how that made you feel?Keep an open mind: Its easy to make snap judgments and assumptions, but a good writer must keep his or her prejudices at bay. Your job is to be objective and learn as much about your subject as possible.Pay attention: How do your sources behave? What does the location look like? What events are occurring? Information like this, as well as direct quotes from a source, will give your reader a fuller appreciation of your writing and subject matter.Accuracy matters: Check all of your data to make sure theyre accurate, triple-check fact s, and make sure youve proofread for spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors. Remember, it takes a long time to develop a reputation for fairness and accuracy, but just a single mistake to tarnish it. Ideas and Topics Features convey information and facts just like a breaking news story. But a feature is usually much longer and more nuanced than a hard news story, which usually just contains the most relevant or recent factual information. Features allow room for analysis and interpretation, narrative progression, and other elements of rhetorical or creative writing. These five topics are a good place to start if youre looking for feature ideas. Some topics may require days or even weeks of research before you can write a story, while other subjects can be covered in just a few hours.   Profile: Interview a prominent or interesting person in your community and write a profile of them. Possible profile subjects could include the mayor, a judge, a musician or writer, a military veteran, a professor or teacher, or a small business owner.Live-in: Arrange to spend some time at a local homeless shelter, hospital emergency room, nursing home, police precinct or courthouse. Describe the rhythms of the place and the people who work there.News: Talk to community leaders about local issues and trends. Crime, education, taxes, and development are perennial topics of interest to readers, but sports, arts, and cultural events are also newsworthy. Potential sources include city council members, community and grassroots organizations, and local institutions.On-the-spot: Cover an event in your community and write a story on deadline about it. Ideas could include the opening of an art exhibit, a talk by a visiting lecturer or expert, a charity event like a fundraising run, a parade, and so on.Review: Attend the production of a local concert, play or other cultural event and write a review. Or interview the musicians or actors involved and write a story about them. Resources and Further Reading Curtis, Anthony. â€Å"How to Write a Feature Story.† Journalism Skills, University of North Carolina-Pembroke, 2011.â€Å"How to Write a Profile Feature Article.† New York Times Learning Network, High Wire, 1999.Klems, Brian A. â€Å"The Secret to Writing Stronger Feature Articles.† Writers Digest, FW Media, 2 July 2014.

USING FINANCIAL ANALYSYSIS TO ASSESS A BUSINESSES FOOTING - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1545 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? British Petroleum is one of the largest companies providing energy. The company operates across six different continents, their products and services are also available in more than hundred countries in the world. The company yearly make a huge return on investments for its share holders. Bp is a growing local oil company into a world energy group. BP has employed over 80,000 people all around the world. BACKGROUND British petroleum 2007 to 2009 British Petroleum starts mango production offshore Trinidad On November 17, 2007 British Petroleum started the natural gas production from the mango field. The mango field is 35 miles south east of Galeota point in water depth of some 235 feet. British Petroleum in Trinidad and Tobago holds 100 percent interest in the field. The field is developed by a single unmanned platform with a capacity to produce from a well. The gas is exported through a pipeline which is 26 inches in diameter. The mango platform is the second to be built to the same size and standard as the cannon balls platform. The 860 tonne mango jacket and 890 tonne topside were built at the Trinidad offshore fabrications (TOFCO). 2008 Energy utilization rises as supplies hold-up but free energy markets do work On June 11th , 2008 the quality of world energy market was high and its price was unstable. This had a great impact on the supply and demand on the energy products. British Petroleum shows that the worlds fossil fuel resource has enough energy to sustain world growing population in spite of this issue. The weak point in the supply of the oil and rising demand outside the OECD also makes the work harder for the energy supply industry. The downfall in the production of oil in the OECD shows the issue that resources are not a constraint globally, but the recourse with British petroleum oil are limited. This is because of the barriers like political factors, taxes plays an vital role in this. Despite of high energy prices, the world energy market produces reliable energy supply. The statics in the year 2007 shows the market do work, the consumers and produces respond to changes in the energy prices. 2009 British petroleum discovered giant oil at its Tiber prospect in the deepwater US Gulf Of Mexico On 2nd September 2009 the Tiber well is located around 400 kilometres in south east of Houston and is in 4,132 feet of water . The depth of the Tiber well is about 35,055 feet which is 10,685 meters exactly which makes is the one of the deepest wells ever made by the oil and gas company. This well found oil in different lower territory reservoirs. The review will be needed to determine the size of the Tiber well discovery. The British petroleum has already discovered Kaskidas well and this Tiber is the discovery of British petroleum. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "USING FINANCIAL ANALYSYSIS TO ASSESS A BUSINESSES FOOTING" essay for you Create order Ratio Analysis for British petroleum PROFITABILITY Analysis of profitability for the company British petroleum for profit margin, Return of share holders funds (ROSF) and Return of capital employed (ROCE) 2009 2008 2007 Profit Margin 10.21 9.34 10.85 Return on shareholders funds (ROSF) 24.73 37.55 33.74 Return on capital employed (ROCE) 14.34 21.88 21.08 PROFIT MARGIN Profit margin is ratio of profitability calculated as net  income  divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. The profit margin of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 10.85, 9.34 and 10.21 respectively. Comparing the profit margin in the year 07 and 08 there is a decrease in the profit to 1.51 and comparing with 08 to the next year there is a increase in the profit up to 0.87. Even though there is increase in the profit in the year 2009, 2007 profit margin is higher compared to the last year. Return on shareholders funds (ROSF) ROSF ratio is a measure of profitability. ROSF of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 33.74, 37.55 and 24.73 respectively. When we compare the ratio of the year 2007 which is 33.74 to the year 2008 which is 37.55 there is increase in the ratio up to 3.81 percent. Comparing the ratios of 2008 and 2009 there is a great downfall up to 12.82 percent. When comparing the ratio of the year 2009 to 2007 the result remains the same which is, the ratio has decreased. Return on capital employed (ROCE) The ROCE ratio compares the net profit (before interest and taxation) generated by company to the long term capital invested in the company during the same period. ROCE of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 21.08, 21.88 and 14.34 respectively. On comparing the ratios of the year 2007 which is 21.08 and the year 2008 which is 21.88 there is a slight increase in the ratio percentage which is 0.8 percent. But when comparing 2008 ratio with the next year there is a big downfall to the ratio in 2009 which is 14.34 percent and difference in the ratios between these two years is 7.54 percent. Conclusion It is to be noted that the company has a growth in all the three ratios from the year 2007 to 2008, but from the year 2008 to the next year which is 2009 there is decrease in all the three ratios. This makes us clear that the company is going down in the profitability compared to the previous two years. Ratios Ratios are useful indicators for the companys performance and financial conditions. Ratios can analyse and predict the future of the company. Now we shall analyse the ratios of BP for liquid ratio, gearing ratio, current ratio and share holders liquid ratio. 2009 2008 2007 Liquid Ratio 0.76 0.71 0.69 Gearing Ratio 82.42 89.52 77.22 Current Ratio 1.14 0.95 1.04 Share holders Liquid Ratio 1.38 1.40 1.67 Liquid ratio Liquid Ratio is a ratio which measures companys capability to pay short term bills. Liquid ratios of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 are 0.69, 0.71 and 0.76. As we compare the ratios of the year 2007 and 2008 there is an increase in the ratio up to 0.02. And comparing the year 2008 with next year, there is an increase again in the ratio, but the ratio which has increased between these two years is more (0.05) compared to 2007 and 2008. Gearing Ratio Gearing Ratio in the year 2007 is 77.22 but when compared to the year 2008 which is 89.52 there is good increase in the gearing ratio which is 12.3 percent. But when comparing the ratio of the year 2008 to the next year 2009 which is 82.42 the ratios have been decreased by 7.1 percent. When we compare the ratios for the year 2009 and 2007 we can find that there is a increase in ratio by 5.2 percent. Current ratio Current ratio of BP in the year 2007 is 1.04 when comparing this ratio to the year 2008 which is 0.95 there is a decrease in the current ratio up to 0.09. When we compare the ratio of the year 2008 to the next year 2009 which is 1.14, we can see there is an increase by 0.19. Now comparing the ratios of 2009 and 2007, here also we can find that ratio has increased from the year 2007 to the year 2009. Share holders Liquid ratio Here are the share holders liquid ratio for three consecutive year 2007, 2008 and 2009 which is 1.67, 1.40 and 1.38 respectively. When comparing 2007 and 2008 ratios we can see that the ratios have been decreased by 0.27. And the comparing 2008 ratio with the very next ratio which is 2009 we can see that the ratios have been declined again up to 0.02. When comparing 2007 and 2009 ratios we can see there is decrease in the results. Conclusion All the four ratios are act in four different ways for three years comparison. For Liquid ratio the ratios are gradually increasing from 2007 to 2009. In Gearing ratio the ratios increase from 2007 to 2008 and then it decreases from there. For Current ratio the ratios decreases from the year 2007 to 2008 and then it increases. For Share holders Liquid ratio the ratios gradually decreases. Turn over Turnover is the annual sales of the company. 2009 2008 2007 Turnover 152,417 253,088 146,238 When comparing the turnover for BP for the year 2007 (146,238) and 2008 (253,088) we can see that the company has improved in that year the turnover has been improved. But comparing the next two years which is 2008 (253,088) and 2009 (152,417) it is to be noted that there is downfall in the companies turnover. Current Event since 2009 Balance Sheet In 20th April 2010 there was a explosion and fire in BP oil rig which took place in deepwater horizon in Gulf Of Mexico. After this incident took place eleven workers was reported missing and around seventeen workers was injured. And three days after this incident it is found that the oil is leaking from the well. US coast guards found that oil which leaks from the well is around 5000 barrels of crude oil per day. This is around 430,000 dollars per day. This event will give a big impact on this years balance sheet because the company has lost good will, there will be big loss in companys profit margin and turn over because of the loss of 5000 barrels per day. There will also bring down all ratios because of explosion and oil spill and workers missing. BP after this event has lost its good will. Conclusion In conclusion the analysis of the ratios says the year 2008 is the best year compared to the three years (2007, 2008, and 2009). Except for profit margin, share holders liquid ratio and current ratio compared to the previous year it has decreased to an extent. And in this years (2010) balance sheet will go down to an extent because of the explosion and fire in the oil rig and even issue of workers in oil rig has been missing after the explosion. The companys shares will go down and the company will also lose its good will. The companys profit margin and turn over will go down because of the oil spill which consumes around 5000 barrels of crude oil per day.

The Victims Of Teen Dating Violence And Substance Abuse

Consequences of this type of victimization are of increasing public health concern. Several studies identified a significant correlation among victims of teen dating violence and substance abuse. Those committing the act were more likely to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol, and victims show increasing signs of substance addiction to cope (Temple et al., 2013). Victims of teen dating violence can have increased problems associated with mental health, sexual risk behaviors, sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, weight issues, and suicidal ideology (Maas, 2010). As a result of these health problems students may become dropouts and achieve low academic score. The cost of intimate partner violence against women was estimated to cost almost six billion dollars in 1995 alone. By 2003 the cost was estimate to have exceed $8.3million to include assault, rape, death, and stalking. Victims of severe violence have lost a total of 8 million days of work (CDC, 2015). So how can one correct and/or prevent the occurrence of intimate domestic violence among this impressionable population? Prevention should begin no later than middle school age. Stopping the problematic behavior before it starts its key. However, the world isn’t perfect therefore student may participate in programs to help control anger management and build social skills. Many school promote healthy dating habits and relationships within the teen population. This is done via programs such Dating matters,Show MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating Sean D. Foster Bellevue University The biggest threat about teenage dating is their inability to maintain a relationship. Teenagers mostly, do not understand the necessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience and a broader understanding of what relationships are (DasguptaRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimizationRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Teens1386 Words   |  6 Pagesdomestic violence within a relationship before they turn 25. Out of these people, only 1 out of every 3 will tell someone about it (PDVG). Dating violence among teenagers has risen alarmingly in the past few years, and unfortunately many people in this age group do not have the maturity or common sense to recognize warning signs of an unhealthy relationship. Due to this, many teenagers become trapped in toxic relationships and it can damage them mentally and physically. Domestic violence amongst teensRead MoreEssay about date violence1678 Words   |  7 Pages Date Violence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sigmund Freud, an early Austrian psychologist, is famous for his fundamental contributions to research in psychology. The greatest contribution of Sigmund Freud is considered to be the so called psychoanalysis. This method of research was based on case studies through recording and study of the mental problems of his patients. After having thoroughly studied hundreds of such cases, Sigmund Freud arrived to a conclusion, that many of the psychological problemsRead MoreTeens and Domestic Violence1336 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, teens are becoming more and more involved in domestic violence. No one would have thought that we would have a problem with domestic violence in our generation, that we left that back in the ancient times. We have overlooked domestic violence, we thought that it wasn’t an important matter but now in the past decade it has increased rapidly. In this paper, I will discuss whether or not teens are being physicall y and emotionally hurt in relationships are because when they were youngerRead MoreThe Effects Of Teenage Dating Violence And Abusive Relationships Among Adolescents1575 Words   |  7 PagesTeen-dating violence happens to be one of the most common forms of violence, and it can be influenced from families, peers, or internal issues. Usually, domestic violence takes place in relationships of people between the ages of sixteen to twenty-four. According to a survey conducted by the Center for Disease Control, about four million women are abused each year by their partners and forty percent of teens ages fourteen to seventeen report that they know someone their age who is being abused byRead MoreViolence Is Preventable And Extremely Imperative For Us Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesViolence is preventable and extremely imperative for us to detect the early signs of it. We need to take all prevention strategies for an account. For example, primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions are an appropriate approach for this matter. Dating violence is the topic that is going to be discussed in this reading. I decided to write about this topic because many people are in the dark when it comes to dating violence, and the substantial effects of it. Allow me the opportunity to expandRead MoreBilly Joel Is Now Dating Soap Actress Alex Donnelley Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesAfter recently separating from his wife Katie Lee, Billy Joel is now dating soap actress Alex Donnelley. According to New York Post, Alex Donnelley and Billy Joel met through friends backstage at his recent Washington DC concert. An insider reports that the two hit it off immediately. Billy Joel Now Dating Alex Donnelley: Life and Career Singer-songwriter Billy Joel, 60, has consistently produced Top 10 hits in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. He is a five-time Grammy Award winner and member of theRead MoreTeenage Dating Violence And Prevention2041 Words   |  9 Pageshigh school students across the cou ntry experience physical violence at the hands of a dating partner each year† (Duret). Teenage dating violence is on the rise. Due to recent advances in technology, abuse issues are more prevalent; technology allows room for students to lash out over text messaging and through social media. However, teen violence can be prevented. The government has established laws and campaigns to educate and protect victims. Teenagers go through many changes during their adolescentRead MoreThe Link Between Child Abuse And Adult Physical And Mental Health Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom research conducted on the links between child abuse and adult physical and mental health. The articles vary in their themes and ideas of child abuse in relations to trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, juvenile offenses, and teen dating violence. Other articles suggest adult criminal behaviors, incarceration and parenting styles of those who were abused as children. This paper examines the relationship within one another of how child abuse affects those children in later years and stages of

THe Operating budget Free Essays

It will recognize one to two difficulties a Budget Analyst will have in dealing with the monetary allowance. This paper will suggest two to three techniques the org ought to survey with respect to new activities and plan cuts throughout the following five years. Introduction With roots traversing the distance once more to the sass’s, The City of New Orleans is the Largest Metropolitan city in the State of Louisiana. We will write a custom essay sample on THe Operating budget or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a port city, which had a populace of 343, 829 as of the 2010 U. S. Statistics (Bureau, 2012). The mission, objectives and targets of the city are to have more open security, more occupation reaction, more entertainment for the young, and to decrease curse in the city. New Orleans is still in a move stage. Despite the fact that it has been 9 years after Hurricane Strain, one of America’s Deadliest Hurricanes, the city is as of now remaking, even now rebuilding regardless really developing. Typhoon Strain influenced the city’s monetary wellbeing. The city has a few divisions that they need to help run the city and keep it going easily. In this modifying move, the key arrangement of the city is attempting to keep the city’s financial plan streamlined without slicing crucial administrations to the subjects of New Orleans. The Mayor’s 2014 Budget was ready utilizing a methodology called Budgeting for Outcomes (BOO). Planning for Outcomes is intended to enhance benefits and improve degree of profitability of open dollars. BOO begins with a set of comes about that matter to nationals and empower imaginative methods for attaining them inside the assets accessible. In accordance with the Mayor’s planning standards, BOO accentuates responsibility, development and cooperation. Like execution planning, BOO concentrates on what general society gets, the extent to which it costs and how results will be measured. BOO begins with the results natives need from their City government and attempts to adjust those necessities to the monetary allowance choice making methodology. Offices are welcome to submit â€Å"offers† to clarify how they can attain the best comes about that matter to natives for the least cost and what execution measures they will use to exhibit achievement. The Government Finance Officers Association (GOOF) has received this methodology to planning as a â€Å"prescribed best practice. † (Nolan. Gob, 2014) For the 2014 financial plan, The City of New Orleans has assessed aggregate income of 837,516,571 and evaluated aggregate sees of 837,516,571. This figure does exclude the 247. 4 million in capital consumptions. In reference to financing, in the improvement of the 2014 Budget, the City created a multi-year income estimate for the General Fund. The figure considered key components, for example, expected financial development, development standpoint, populace development, and different pointers. Real income sources, for example, deals expense were determined utilizing national and nearby projections of financial action and noteworthy patterns and examples of income accumulation. Sources utilized within creating these projections incorporate national monetary gauges for expansion, and development in true GAP. The City’s obligation commitments might be partitioned into two classes: working obligation and general commitment obligation. These classifications are overseen by the Department of Finance and the Board of Liquidation. The obligation incorporates retirement and annuity for city workers, including fire and police laborers. It additionally incorporates a few securities and advances. (Nolan. Gob, 2014) Plan Challenges One significant test will be the Consent Decree ordered by the legislature, for the New Orleans Police Department. A Consent Decree is a request issued by a Judge that communicates a deliberate understanding by the members in a claim. Now and again a suit closes when a Judge issues an assent declaration, or an assent Judgment. This is particularly the situation when the declaration is issued after one side of the case willfully consents to stop a specific activity without confessing to any illicitness of the activity. For an assertions between two gatherings to be viewed as tying and legitimate, it should additionally be perceived by the court. An assent proclaim for this situation is legal distinguishing of the understanding. The announcement frequently bans one side of the case from specific activities. (weeklies. Com, 2013) The City of New Orleans was included in an assent order with the New Orleans Police Department. The full and supported execution of this Agreement is proposed to secure the protected privileges of all parts of the group, enhance the wellbeing and security of the populace of New Orleans, and expand open certainty in the New Orleans Police Department. With the death of the commanded statue, there will be extra financing required to verify things are done as ordered. Those expenses have not yet been uncovered. Plan Recommendations Throughout the following five years two procedures the office ought to survey with respect to new activities would and plan slices would be to go to the natives and figure out what they need, need and longing. As opposed to making arrangements and commitments from the hip, the city ought to captivate with the nationals. The second technique that the City ought to assume is figuring out how to sway its residents to return to the city. A considerable measure of nationals left the city after Hurricane Strain, the popularization was unconquerable. In the event that the city an do a push to recover the subjects that would accumulate more income to the economy. How to cite THe Operating budget, Papers

Marketing Plan for the Rocks Festival-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Plan for the Rocks festival to be held in Sydney. Answer: Introduction The following paper looks to focus on the various factors of making a marketing plan for a festival to be held in Sydney, Australia. This is very important to note that the marketing activities are interconnected with each other because the main purpose of the program is to draw customers and make profits. The best way to do it is selecting the target market for this festival and assessing the value of the program to be held there. The more people pour in, the more will be the profits. This has been one of the most popular festivals in that part of the country so the authority is organizing it with more pomp this time. Background The background for this event can be considered to be one of the foods and drink festival. This is a festival that is focused on arranging for the coffee, tea, chocolate and spices (Haeusler, 2014). The date of this festival is on September 10 and it is celebrated between 10 am and 5 pm. This is a very enjoyable festival and mostly the young people can tend to take over this festival in large numbers. At least 1000 tourists are likely to take over this festival in very quick time. The festival takes place at the Rocks, considered as the trade centre when it was a colony. General description of the tourist attraction This is a very good place for the tourists and the main attractions for this area are the Circular Quay and Campbells Cove (Maitland Newman, 2014).It has been noted that the tourists use to gather here and they make fun all through that mentioned time. The food stalls are put up in this area in the Museum of Contemporary Art along George Street. The tourists gather here and they celebrate this festival by eating the delicious foods and the coffee that is sold at a very cheap cost. The different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, tea, chocolate and spices are sold in this area. The venue is a very beautiful one in the Rocks (Maitland Newman, 2014). Environmental force The environmental forces work as the deciding factor in fetching the tourists to that spot years after years in succession. The macro-environmental and micro-environmental forces help to draw the people to these places like Sydney and Melbourne. The macro environmental issues can be discussed through the PEST analysis (Ho, 2014). Political factors The political stability in these places helps to attract the tourists (Almond Verba, 2015). The good governance policies by the government work as a catalyst as well. Economic factors The places like Sydney and Melbourne are quite accessible in terms of the monetary issues as well. The costs for lodging and paying the fares can be handled by the guests properly. The economic policies of the government have a huge impact on it as well (Ho, 2014). Social factors The social factors like the gathering of so many people together can be taken as an important factor. The lifestyle brands of the target market consumers have a huge impact on it (Ho, 2014). As it is a major event, many people prefer to be a part of it. Technological factors The innovation technique of the RD technology has been quite influential (Anzoategui et al., 2016). The technology of incentives has been quite interesting as well. The effect of telecommunications in the venues will enable the organizers to address more guests. Business conditions The business conditions can be assessed by making a SWOT analysis of the situations. Strengths Australias scenic beauty and uniqueness The global recovery in the economic section is growing that dictates the growth in volume The aviation sector support and transport support is also an important support for tourism industry to flourish (Grant, 2016). Weaknesses The accommodation for the total number of people is very limited The European countries attract the customers more than Australia The number of hotels is not sufficient enough (Grant, 2016). Opportunities The Asian communities can be attracted to this festival for more popularity The inbound and outbound logistics supply has to be strengthened Threats The threats of the inflation and global recession can affect the participation of people in this luxurious ceremony The transport fares in airplane and train is not affordable by everyone (Grant, 2016). Target market The target market for this festival is the young people mostly and the people who have a great affinity with this luxurious festival and want to be present every time. These people belong to well affluent families (Thorson Moore, 2013). Event objective The objectives for this event are to make the visitors enjoy the festival to the fullest and strengthen the economy of Sydney. The government of Sydney makes a huge profit by organizing this event. Key message The key message that can be delivered to the target audience is to make them aware of the festival and its dates and timings. The various kinds of delicious foods and drinks that are offered in this festival at such a cheaper rate are its Unique Selling Proposition (USP) itself (Kiel, 2014). Execution Communication channels The communication channels that can be used here to communicate with the target audience are the internet, social media platforms and websites. The traditional communication channels will help in this matter as well (Kiel, 2014). Message source The message sources are the people who have been part of organizing this festival and the media. They will help to spread the messages about the expansion of this festival. Budget, legal and ethical concerns The budget for this festival has to be within the affordability of the guests who turn out here. The festival will take place for one day only and the costs of the operations, marketing, food services, raw materials, decorations and all other aspects have to be included in this. It can be estimated that around AU$200,000 million will be needed to cover this festival. The organizers can take the help of their sponsors to cover up this event. All the legal frameworks regarding the event operations have to be maintained and the organizers should maintain the ethics as well (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying that this event will attract a lot of guests on the day of the event so the organizers should do the marketing activities properly for it. The target audiences should be informed about these things and they should know be informed about the various facilities and advantages they will get if they turn up on that day. This will be beneficial for them and profitable for the organizers as well. References Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton university press. Anzoategui, D., Comin, D., Gertler, M., Martinez, J. (2016).Endogenous Technology Adoption and RD as Sources of Business Cycle Persistence(No. w22005). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Haeusler, M. H. (2014). The Sydney Vivid Festival: From Place Branding to Smart Cities.Cities of Light: Two Centuries of Urban Illumination, 144. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Kiel, I. H. (2014). Entrepreneurial marketing. Maitland, R., Newman, P. (Eds.). (2014).World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Routledge. Thorson, E., Moore, J. (Eds.). (2013).Integrated communication: Synergy of persuasive voices. Psychology Press.

Emotion Recognition by Physiological Signals (Brain and EEG Signals)

Question: Describe about the Emotion Recognition by Physiological Signals Brain and EEG Signals? Answer: Introduction: Recent research on Human Computer interaction focuses at the recognition of users emotional state to provide a reliable interface between computer and humans. This concept would provide easy life o deal with. There is a vast application involving such areas of medicine, education etc. Human emotion is recognizable by verities of approaches such as facial images, gesture, neuro imaging methods and physiological signals. Various theories on emotion recognition and current advancement of their methodologies have developed and still going on. There are so many ways to record psychophysiology data from humans, e.g. Electromyography (EMG), Electromyography (EMG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). Here being EEG as the focus point various techniques on machine learning has evolved, such as, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Bayesian Network (BN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), these are some techniques on machine learning to classify the EEG data being used in varieties of experiments (Murugappan, Murugappan and Zheng, 2013). Application of EEG: Most of the developed methods in the literature of neuro physiological studies have submitted the report o the correlation between emotion states and EEG signals. All these methods were based on frequency-domain analysis and time-domain analysis. Event related potentials (ERPs) components reflect the emotional states. To have correlation with the valence, the ERP components of having short to middle latencies have been shown, whereas to have the correlation with the arousal there are the ERP components having middle to long latencies. With the computation of the ERP signals, it requires EEG signal averaging over multiple trials. It is inappropriate to render ERP feature for the online processing (Panayiotopoulos, 2005). Classification of emotions is not deterministic, they are probabilistic in nature. Previous researches over the human emotion recognition has dealt with the probability theory driven classification for the estimation of Human bandwidth of 0.5-100 Hz has been in use to remove noise. Here application of 50 Hz notch filter is done in order to remove noise for power-line interface. Preprocessing including generated vectored input stream, pre-filtering is required in Multi Wave Transform (MWT). There are different possible ways are available to gain the vector input stream. In this task, Vector Input Stream was obtained with the use of repeated scheme of row pre-processing. The filter bank with matrix-valued wavelet also requires inputs with multiple stream, decided by the multiplicity (Petrantonakis and Hadjileontiadis, 2010). Conclusion: All the previous attempts on emotion recognition with the help of the EEG signals are primarily focused on collection of data from nervous system. After going through some literature survey, this brought out two divided opinions. One group of researchers gained less accurate emotion classification using EEG signals, where they state that physiological signals like heart rate, galvanic skin resistance, respiration etc. were in use to get high accuracy. On the other hand they stated their view that EEG signal is sufficient alone for emotion classification, though they are facing it less accurate. It is proposed that only EEG signals alone is used to classify the emotions using neural network two state classifiers, where the selection of features are made for the improvement of the accurate classification (Selvaraj et al., 2013). References Murugappan, M., Murugappan, S., Zheng, B. (2013). Frequency Band Analysis of Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signals for Human Emotional State Classification Using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Journal Of Physical Therapy Science, 25(7), 753-759. doi:10.1589/jpts.25.753 Panayiotopoulos, C. (2005). Optimal Use of the EEG in the Diagnosis and Management of Epilepsies. Bladon Medical Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2601/ Petrantonakis, P., Hadjileontiadis, L. (2010). Emotion Recognition From EEG Using Higher Order Crossings. IEEE Transactions On Information Technology In Biomedicine, 14(2), 186-197. doi:10.1109/titb.2009.2034649 Selvaraj, J., Murugappan, M., Wan, K., Yaacob, S. (2013). Classification of emotional states from electrocardiogram signals: a non-linear approach based on hurst. Biomed Eng Online, 12(1), 44. doi:10.1186/1475-925x-12-44

Transformative Process

Introduction Communication is a major requisite for unity, stability, social, economic and political development of a society. Equally important is the means and avenues through which communication between and among individuals and groups takes place. Importance of reliable means of communication is hinged on the premise that it is one thing to have the right information but if you do not have reliable medium of passing on your message(s) to the right recipient in the right way and at the right time it is impossible to communicate.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Transformative Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, sender, information, medium and recipient of a message are the most important fundamental components for efficient and effective communication at interpersonal as well as public levels. Therefore, mass media including newspapers, magazines, televisions, radio and now the interne t and social networks like Facebook and Twitter play a very significant role of enabling efficient and effective communication. The aim of this paper is to find out how approaches to the study of content provide communication researchers with insights into transformative elements of the communicative process that they otherwise would not have. Communication as a Process Communication is no doubt an important human activity that is vital in the study and understanding of their behaviour in whatever they undertake in social, economic and political spheres of life. In another sense communication is a process that involves passing on meaningful information in terms of news, ideas and messages. A sender, a medium, information to be shared and an intended receiver consist of the basic requirements of communication. It is noteworthy that the recipient does not necessarily need to be present or know of the sender’s plan to pass on a piece of communication. As a result, communication takes place across huge distances in space and time. For instance, in our contemporary world information about happenings in one part of the world is relayed to remote places of world continents almost on a real time basis thanks to advancements made by man in the area of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) during the 19th and 20th Century. Efficient and effective human communication whether oral, written, nonverbal or visual communication requires that the communicating parties shares an area of communicative harmony. Therefore, the communication process can only be regarded as complete when the addressee of the information has comprehended the sender and given back the necessary feedback where it is needed and possible.Advertising Looking for term paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Written communication varies in terms of layout, language, tone and more important content which car ry most of the meaning intending to be communicated by the sender. This fact explains why articles on a similar event or issue featuring in two different newspapers may be understood by various news consumers differently. Hence presentation of a report or a story about a similar event or happening by two journalists influences what readers think and how they think about it in different ways. Therefore, studying the implication of the content aspect of information in communication studies is a major area of academic concern for communication researchers. How approaches to the study of content provide communications researchers with insights into transformative elements of the communicative process Studying the content of the medium provides communication researchers with insights into factors affecting the way the message is presented, interpreted and how the receiver understands the message. With the study of literary criticism, communication researchers can learn about ways in whic h a message can be taken and how the receiver comprehends it. For example, suppose several people read the same poem. Each person could interpret the poem differently regarding what the poet is expressing in their poem. By trying to figure out the meaning behind the text it opens up ideas of possibility that others may not have thought of and it broadens its perspective. In society, people may interpret message shown to them based on their own beliefs, customs and culture. How different people read and understand content of the message is usually based on what a person sees and recall from their memories. Also, the way the message is understood could be influenced by how the message is presented. For example, the media chooses to highlight certain details about events or leave other details out in order for the public to react the way they want. By choosing what to include in the message and what to leave out, the author or journalist affect how the story or message is perceived by the reader or news consumers. It is important to note that what a journalist or writer chooses to leave out of a story is as crucial as what is included. Communication is supposed to be an instrument of positive progress in any society that is committed to knowing itself and identifying a desired and shared destiny it would like to realize. Thus communication should be transformative.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Transformative Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Transformative communication is a modern innovative communication process where individuals and groups are encouraged, given power and motivated to modify their behaviors, value and belief systems in order to face present needs, unleashed potentials and opportunities of a changing reality welcoming in a new order toward togetherness (Malay Alzona, 2006). There are various approaches that literary scholars and communication researchers use to study media content. Some of them facilitate an intensive inquiry into the content of the medium by considering the complete circumstance within which messages are created and passed on to recipients (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Other perspectives focus on the content alone while there is in some instances some common characteristics between audience theory and content theory (Lorimer Scannell, 2003).The most common approaches to the study of content in communication research include semiotics, discourse and conversational analysis, modernism and postmodernism, pragmatics, literary criticism, content analysis, structuralism and post- structuralism and media form analysis (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Literary criticism originates from the work of the literary icon known as F.R. Leavis whose ideas had huge influence on the study of literature in English and which were later carried over into study of mass media such as film and television (Lorimer Scannell 2003). Literary criticism p ut emphasis up on autonomy or independence of the content.In the study of literature it does not stress things such as how the novel or poem in question was produced or its issuance and distribution history. Leavis insisted that literary scholars should be interested in the meaning of the content of a literary work and asserted that finding out this was delicate, prejudiced, critical work of analysis (Lorimer Scannell 2003).Interpretation here meant explaining what the author had in mind as articulated in the content. As a result, in literary studies, text was treated as the product of the authors and the same theory was used in film studies (Lorimer Scannell 2003). For instance, directors of films instead of the script-writers were taken as the creative originators of the film. However, in 1960s this author-centered approach was enthusiastically criticized by great cultural critics like Roland Barthers in his masterpiece essay titled ‘Death of the Author’ (Lorimer S cannell 2003).Barthers argued that the source of meaning in any content (TV play, novel or movie) could only be the consumer of the information therein because content only derives an important effect in the act of consumption.Advertising Looking for term paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This approach to the study of content enables communication researchers to understand the transformative potential of the communicative process by treating the reader as the source of the meaning of the content contained in a given medium. Doing so sets the reader free from the uninteresting undertaking of attempting to discover what the author had in mind (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Consequently, the consumer of news or the reader is understood as being at liberty to construct his or her own sense and to open up instead of close down the meaning of the content (Lorimer Scannell 2003).Accordingly, authors and journalists should strive to use the most appropriate language, style and tone in order to increase the probability of reader creating beneficial and transformative meanings out of their works in the most creative way possible. The presentation approach adopted by authors of literary works and journalists should empower the reader and accord him or her interpretational freedom. They should shun the idea of one true and bona fide meaning of the content (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Structuralism and post-structuralism is a famous approach to the study of content with communication researchers. Structuralism is an overall word for particular way of examining anything from a film, a TV play, a fairy story and even language itself (Lorimer Scannell, 2003).The target of structuralism is to find out the fundamental model both of single texts and different kinds of literary works. Through structuralism literary scholars and communication researchers’ attempts to see beneath the superficial meaning of the content and get to the concealed core skeletal organization that holds the body of the story together (Lorimer Scannell 2003). Structuralism enables communication researchers to undo evident complexities of content in a text such as a story into a simple set of essential story features that can be joined into rigorously restricted number of ways (Lorimer Scannell 2003). Structural analysis of narrative has been used to study movies and soap-operas and other mass media. This approach enables communication researchers comprehend transformative elements of the communicative process by making it possible to establish what lies beneath what is seen on the face value of the content under study (Lorimer Scannell 2003). By reducing the complexities of a given story it becomes easier for communication researchers get an insight on how the content is positioned to transform the reader or news consumer. Content analysis is also famous with communication researchers. According to Lorimer Scannell (2003), content analysis does not have theoretical foundations and is quantitative. Content analyst identifies various units of analysis such as concomitant illustrations, nouns, verbs, paragraphs, classifications of spokespersons cited among others (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Then the analyst determines meanings or themes that appear to be most impor tant to a certain piece of communication. It is important to note that meaning categories identified may be relevant on the basis of the author or the interests of the analyst himself or herself (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). After identifying units of analysis and categories of meanings, an analyst then counts numerous types of incidences and their affiliation with other kinds of incidences for example words with pictures (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Use of content analysis is an effective approach to the study of content. It easily shows how giving of meaning is limited by the medium itself and how it shapes and carries content (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). In the daily world of reporting and writing, journalists, news consumers and newsmakers similarly have realized that numerous media constantly choose certain features to emphasize at the expense of others. This selection leads to prejudice about events that varies across each medium (Lorimer Scannell, 2003). Content analysis is compreh ensive in its study of content and effective in enabling communication researchers study various aspects of a communicative process that allow them to understand its transformative elements. Reference List Malay. B., Alzona, S. S. (2006).Transformative communication. Shahdara, New Delhi: Megabooks Co. Lorimer, R., Scannell, P. (2003). Mass communications: a comparative introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press ND. This term paper on Transformative Process was written and submitted by user Add1lyn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication

Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication Example Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication: Executive Summary Broadways Production Limited has failed over the five-years of its operations to compete with similar companies in the market. In the endeavor to identify the root of the problem, I conducted a study that narrowed down to the problem of communication between and amongst the company’s departments. Lack of a department of communication in the company has facilitated to poor and very little communication between and amongst departments, thus triggering division among the staff and consequent demoralization as well as poor production and distribution. Establishment of an effective structure of communication should play a very significant role in enhancing the company’s productivity as well as improved distribution, thus enabling the company to have an equal platform in competing with its competitors. With establishment of a department of communication with the necessary human and material resources, the company is able to enhance the day-to-day activities, thus creating a prosperous future for the company. Definition of the Problem Among the most central aspects of any organization is communication. Baker has observed that traditionally, managers spent majority of their time within organizations dealing with one aspect of communication or another. The success of any organization has much to do with the effective of its communication. However, in the contemporary society, the service workers of many organizations have exceeded production workers, thus communication has become more central to them than among the managers. The production process cannot be successful without effective collaboration between and amongst the various departments of an organization. Team work is central between and amongst diversified functional levels, and it can only be enhanced if an organization has an effective system of communication (Baker, 2002, p. 1). Moreover, the world is experiencing numerous changes in communication technologies, thus triggering a dire need for all organizations to update their system to enable them stand-o ut in the competitive global market. The greatest problem in Broadways Production Limited is poor communication in terms of quantity and quality of communication. As observed earlier on, communication is very central for the success of any organization, thus lack of it or having too minimal communication between departments Means that some departs are acting without sufficient information. Broadways is a bread manufacturing company, with about seven hundred employees, and based in Macau City in China. The company supplies bread to regions such as Hong Kong, Jinan, Jiulong, Lanzhou, Macau, Nanjing, Qingdao, Shenyang, and Shanghai among other cities and towns. The company has a number of departments, including management, transportation, distribution, human resource, storage and warehouse, and intellectual technology. Thus, the company lacks one of the most central departments of an organization, the communication department, which facilitated to very poor inter-departmental communication. Broadways Production Limited has three major problems, which have hindered the success of the company: Poor production, poor distribution and demoralized employees. These problems have their roots in the poor communication between and amongst the various departments of the organization. Lack of a communication department in the company has facilitated to inadequate communication, consequently poor production, poor distribution and demoralization of the organization’s staff. In any organization, there is a need of the right hand to be aware of what the left hand is doing. Often, the management of the organization makes decisions regarding the employees, without bothering to seek their opinions on the subject matter and only communicates through memos on notice boards or during the monthly briefings of the new rules and regulations. Moreover, a department can implement a policy and without making the necessary consultation with the other departmental head proceed to implementati on, thus triggering pronounced challenges for those departments. Lack of teamwork between departments has facilitated to company incurrence of numerous losses, and it seems the management has been doing very little to establish a cohesive communication system. Sometimes, departmental heads discusses issues with some other departments’ members without much involvement of the leaders of those departments, and proceeding to implementation without seeking the position of those heads; often, the leaders are just reported to of decisions already made with little or no provision of alterations. For example, the transportation department might require a driver to go for wheat in a certain region while the management might require the same driver to transport one of the managers into a certain meeting, thus triggering departmental conflicts, because the manager’s decision overrides the departmental decision. Personnel Interview To evaluate the intensity of communication problem in the organization, the researcher interviewed six employees from each of the company’s department and observed that indeed, the inter-departmental communication problem is more pronounced than it seems to appear on the surface. 1. From the communication department, their greatest challenge was plans which are made by the company’s management and for them they are just required to implement those plans. Such makes the department management very tricky because they are never sure when the management will override the plan and impose theirs. 2. Human resource department observed that sometimes a department can decide to fire an employee without submission of a clear report on what anomalies led to such a decision. 3. There is no very clear structure on how the company finances should be released: Sometimes, the CEO might decide to ask for certain amount of money for activities not related to the company, with minimal accounting for the money and without following the established protocols. 4. Not once has the storage and warehouse department received goods from production department without enough notice to prepare for space, thus causing mayhem when such deliveries are done. All the organization interviewees observed that the organization needs to establish a communication department and a clear structure on how to communicate with other departments, because the contemporary system has terribly failed the company. Proposed Solutions and Recommendations Chen (2008) has observed that â€Å"Excellent internal/employee communication is essential in any organization if it is to survive and thrive. As a management tool, it helps identify, establish, and maintain relationships between an organization’s management and its employees† (p. 167). The existing research has posted that having an effective employee communication facilitates to the building of satisfactory employee-organization relationship, consequently increasing public relations and communication functions values to the organization in question. Diversified studies have also identified a correlation between the employees’ rating of the communication of their managers and profitability of business unit (Grunig, et al., 2002; Gray, 2005, p. 15). Thus, the performance of any organization is associated with the effectiveness of the organization’s communication system. To facilitate effective inter-departmental communication, Broadways needs to start with the most basic aspect: Establish a department of communication. A department of communication in organization facilitates the entire company’s communication activities (Chen, 2008, p. 1-2). The department of communication should operate an established protocol on what needs first priority in when it comes to implementation of diversified activities from various departments. For example, if the drafters of the structure are to rule that the decision of the CEO needs a confirmation from the board members prior to implementation, then it should be clearly communicated to the departments and the channel to be followed in communicating any message. For example, before a departmental head decides to fire an employee, the issue should be communicated to the human resource department through the communication department to facilitate appropriate procedure of dealing with the employees. Equally important is to establish a system of giving feedbacks to all communication. For example, the transportation department should not just be required by the marketing department to transport goods, without involving the communication department. The department should be central to all the activities of the companies, thus day-to-day activities of the organization should be facilitated by this very significant department. The department shall seek clarity from departmental heads on any vague information that reaches the communication department prior to the implementation. Together with the communication department and the structure establishment, there is a need to provide effective training of the staff, departmental heads and the staff in communication department on how to have an effective communication within and without the organization. The company should also establish a top-down and a bottom-up structure of communication, thus ensuring effective sharing of information a nd ensuring enhanced productivity. Finally, the company should outline the contact points for diversified issues as advised by Rogier (2010, p. 1). Implementation of the Solution Preparing a communication system structure and a communication department are quite demanding tasks. With the current status of the company, there is a need to start from the scratch, overriding the prevalent system and laying down a totally new and more effective structure. The most significant resources that are required for this noble duty are human resources. The people who should be entrusted with preparation of a communication structure should be in possession of enough experience on the necessary components of an effective communication structure. Among the major aspects that they should consider include the sources of information, the channels to be used, the stages the information should go through, the transmitter of the message, the signals usable and the feedback channel. Equally important in preparation of communication channel is the approach to be used in noise management. Shannon’s communication process model could be of great assistance in implementation of th is communication improvement system. The figure 1 below gives a more vivid explanation of this. Source: Foulger (2004). Models of the Communication Process. Link: http://davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm Establishment of department of communication is a relatively expensive endeavor, especially if an organization needs a very effective communication of linking with both the internal and external world. Beside the need of competent human resource, there are some tools that the company has to purchase such as telephones connected with various sectors of the organization with provisions of loud speakers, especially because of emergencies, strategically placed boards for placing of memos, internet-connected computer systems to facilitate communication through emails and a website for both internal and more of external communication. The company is able to communicate with the external world using the website, thus enhancing marketing strategies. Outsourcing might be important to have external agencies establish a more solid communication department and structure. Emergency alarms should also be established to warm the staff during possible emergences. The communication department of an o rganization should be hidden or far placed for security reasons: If an enemy was to attack, he should start with the communication department to hold captive of the entire company, thus it should be highly protected. Solution’s Implementation Benefits Hinds and Keisler (1995) have observed that sharing of information across boundaries enhances collaboration and consequently production of the company. When employees share information on what they are doing or what they are thinking to day, the other employees as well as the management tend to also release the information, which sometimes acts as a great resource to the departments in question. This implies that all the people are able to work as a team, which enhances productivity of a company by significant degree. Having a modern form of technology will not only facilitate to improvement of the quality of communication but also the effectiveness of communication process will be enhanced. This implies that various department shall be able to work as one unit and consequently lead to enhanced productivity. Teamwork, which is facilitated by enhanced communication, shall propel the company to a position of better performance, thus becoming more productive. Among the most important aspects of communication is enhancing interpersonal relations (Bartoo Sias, 2004). With an effective structure and system of communication, the employees and the leaders shall be able to interact at a more personal level and more extensively leading to unity and consequent team works, which are very significant in enhancing a conducive workplace environment. As observed earlier, Broadways employees are relatively demoralized because of the company’s failure to communicate and encourage them often.

Has The Increased Influence Of Minor Parties And Independents Enhanced Essay

Has The Increased Influence Of Minor Parties And Independents Enhanced Democracy In Australia - Essay Example The paper also defines what a healthy democracy is and explains where the problems lie in Australia’s inability to achieve a fully representative democracy. It provides the solution to the problems that can be achieved through utilizing the minor parties in the democracy. It additionally expounds on how the minor parties enhance democracy in Australia while providing the drawbacks that these parties encounter. Finally, the paper provides a conclusion for the topic while it gives the way forward to the topic at hand. 2. Define Representative Democracy In Australia, And What It Aspires To Be. The Representative democracy in Australia is a type of a democracy whereby the citizens of the country who are above eighteen years elect people to represent them in their government. Moreover, these people are also elected so that they can formulate decisions on behalf of their people (Hazel, 2010). The representative government within the country comprises of the federal, local and state levels (Smith, Vromen & Cook, 2012). The federal level is composed of the federal parliament which is in turn made up of the House of Representatives along with the senate. The body is charged with formulating decisions for the federal government and is headed by the country’s prime minister. The state governments on the other hand are charged with making decisions for the state government.... Consequently, the representatives to these houses are normally elected by the citizens during an election while state governments in Australia are led by a person who has the title of a premier. Finally, the local governments are responsible for managing the councils found in the states. The representatives chosen to represent the people in city councils are referred to as councilors and are headed by a Mayor (Australian Electoral Commission, 2011). Australia is a liberal democracy that embodies the principles of the American federal models along with the Westminster models for responsible governments. A combination of these models creates implications that are direct for the manner in which the government is held accountable by the voters in the country. The concept of federalism in Australia implies that the state along with the commonwealth government have separate and different responsibilities (Smith, Vromen & Cook, 2012). However, the Australian voters are responsible for elect ing the people who will represent them in the three levels of government that are found in the country. The country is among a few countries across the globe that has made voting mandatory for each and every citizen in the country who is above eighteen years of age (Crosby, 2003). Critics to the law on compulsory voting have insisted that the law greatly limits the democratic participation of the citizens. The country is also a representative democracy in that the citizens elect people to act on their behalf in the decision making activities in the country’s legislative houses. The country aspires to become fully representative which is not possible (Smith, Vromen & Cook, 2012). This is mainly because the government does not provide for full representation

Jean-Marie Dudillieu's Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jean-Marie Dudillieu's Art - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, there are certain artists that have employed this important platform for their individual selfish gains. Related trends contribute significantly to the erosion of the value that was initially accorded to this sphere of specification. In essence, most art works have been reduced to mere objects and figures that lack any underlying symbolism. One artist whose work has been outstanding through time is Jean-Marie Dudillieu. In French history, his artwork had defied all odds and remains strikingly informative. It is in this regard that this paper provides an in depth review of his pieces of art. To begin with, the photographs of his artworks portray an element of appreciation of life. Notably, he acknowledges each and every being that is alive. This is fundamental in artwork because of the fact that life is elemental in sustenance of the discipline. Seemingly, a significant percentage of his artworks revolve around the components of living such as plants, animals and insects. The manner in which he presents them clearly indicates that they inspire him in different ways. This implies that Jean-Marie looks beyond the physical aspects of plants and animals and appreciates them for the contribution that they make to life. In other words, he values the intrinsic worth that characterizes these aspects of life. This is morally acceptable and contributes significantly to nurturing of critical social values. Additionally, an element of symbolism is apparent. According to Little, this forms the basement upon which artistic values are anchored (Little 65). The aspect of dualism that accredits the work of renowned artists is also evident in the works of Jean-Marie. Apart from portraying life, it cannot be disputed that the artist clearly communicates his feelings as well as attitudes towards the objects that are presented in the paintings. This is clear in his choice of color and employment of other critical artistic elements such as ambience, lines, depth and so f orth. His feelings for instance are particularly portrayed through his use of color and depth. From an artistic point of view, Little ascertains that employment of bright colors is a demonstration of contentment and pleasure (Little 77). Arguably, Jean-Marie is delighted and inspired in a positive way by nature. Being able to clearly demonstrate his feelings in art is a demonstration of acceptable standards of expertise. Yet despite incorporating the above mentioned factors in his art works, the artist still maintains the natural being of the animals and plants. This implies that he appreciates nature for what it is and does not manipulate it for his personal interests. As indicated earlier, the value and credibility of art is greatly being compromised by the unbecoming tendencies of selfish artists. In particular, artists manipulate art for their selfish interests. Current trends ascertain that minimal attention is placed on the critical aspects of symbolism that art is supposed to underscore (Little 82). Therefore, the efforts made by Jean-Marie to incorporate all important aspects and still have respect for the intrinsic value of nature cannot be underestimated. His artworks also indicate that the author loves nature, flowers, life, fruits and a host of other objects that he paints. Through these, he communicates important information that is educative and insightful to his audience. For instance, it cannot be disputed that the element of nature conservation is apparent in the paintings.

Differences in classical and modern rhetoric

Differences in classical and modern rhetoric Differences in classical and modern rhetoric Historically rhetoric has been studied and argued by philosophers, educators and mankind in general, all in an effort to offer proof of the true meaning of the word. It has been accepted by all that rhetoric is a form of communication. Whether it is considered an art of using language in a persuasive manner or it is the clever misuse of words to gain trust and to persuade, can only be determined by an individual’s perception and interpretation of the words they hear (Elliot Aronson, 1992). The definition of rhetoric is as simple as the art of persuasion, but what makes rhetoric effective is the way it is applied. In order to use rhetoric in writing and in speech, the meaning of rhetoric and its purpose must be clearly understood. Rhetoric involves more than just what is written, but how it is arranged. Other writing tactics also are used to make rhetoric what it is. Rhetoric can be described as the art of effective, eloquent, and persuasive writing and or deliverance of a spee ch. The use of rhetoric ages back to the times of the ancient Greek. Plato, a famous Greek philosopher, saw rhetoric only useful and admirable if it was an expression of truth. Aristotle, another Greek philosopher, disagreed. He felt that rhetoric was focused on the invention of the argument. In Aristotle s point of view, the argument was meant to seek the truth and also appeal to reason, ethics, and emotion. Although both of the great philosophers saw rhetoric in two slightly different aspects, it was still used to persuade an audience (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). For many people, the word rhetoric conjures up images of doubletalk political or advertising language used to befuddle and confuse its audience. This common usage of the word causes problems for the serious modern student of rhetoric, because the term can legitimately be defined, as it is in my Random House dictionary, as the undue use of exaggeration or display concerned with mere style or effect. However, this is not the only, or even the primary, definition of the word. Its simply the one with which most people are familiar, and its currency can cause difficulty for someone interested in the discipline of rhetoric (Elliot Aronson, 1992). Such a problem didnt always exist. As one of the classical liberal arts, rhetoric, along with its sister arts grammar (not what we call grammar, but more akin to the modern discipline of semantics) and dialectic (a system of learned disputation similar to what we now call informal logic), was one of parts of the trivium, the foundation of education in classical and medieval times. Thus it is that my Random House dictionary defines rhetoric also as the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience through the use of effective language. In this, its primary use, the term rhetoric has been around for over 2500 years. In fact, rhetoric was an important part of a European education right into this century (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). Classical rhetoric is important because it established the basic theories of persuasion that were taught until this century. These theories still hold true today, and we can become better, more persuasive communicators if we adhere to the best of them. If you stop and think about it for a minute, you will note that the most influential and powerful people in our society are good communicators. Politicians who make our laws are generally excellent speakers. People whom you admire (outside of sports) are often good communicators (George A. Kennedy, 1999). Rhetoric is not limited to any particular discipline; as a method of analysis, it can be applied, for example, to political discourse, though it is not political science; to literary works, though it is not literary criticism; and to scientific discourse, though it is not science (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). In fact, whenever we use discourse to influence someone elses actions or thoughts, in whatever field, we are using, often without realizing it, ancient principles of rhetoric. Thus the discourse of any field may be fruitfully studied, not for the quality of its politics, literature, or science, but for its rhetorical significance and effectiveness (George A. Kennedy, 1999). Quintilian was a Latin scholar who used five different elements to perfect the art of rhetoric. These five steps helped the speaker or writer use rhetoric to its fullest. Inventio is the first of the five elements, and is the Latin word for invention. The idea is to first recognize what kind of audience the essay or speech is directed at, and then invent arguments that appeal to the audience ethically, logically, and or emotionally. Dispositio is the second element, which means arrangement in Latin (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). In order for an argument to be effective it must be arranged properly. The third element in Quintilian s arrangement is Elocutio. In Latin, Elocutio, means style. This is the way the author or speaker uses diction and syntax. Memoria, which is the fourth element, is Latin for memory. This element is necessary for effective speeches, but it not a vital element in essays and other writings (George A. Kennedy, 1999). When a speech is memorized it flows more smoothly , and doesn t allow unintended breaks to distract the audience. The last of the five elements is pronuntiatio. In Latin this is the word for delivery. In writing this is the tone in which the author uses in his writing, where as, in speech it is the speaker s voice and his gestures that matter (Mark Robson, 2007). Although Quintilian s five elements help a person compose a rhetorical essay or speech, they do not include certain schemes that construct rhetoric. A few of the basic schemes of rhetoric are parallelism, anaphora, and climax. These schemes help enhance persuasive arguments. Parallelism is the arrangement of a series of related words. An example of this is found in Abraham Lincoln s second inaugural address. It states, with malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right Anaphora is the repeated use of the same group of words used to begin successive sentences or clauses. An example of this can be found in Ecclesiastes 3:1-2. For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted Climax is the way words and sentences are arranged to imply the order of rising events that led to the magnitude of the story. An example of this is in Melville s novel, Mob y Dick (Mark Robson, 2007). Despite Augustine, the so-called Rhetorica ad Herennium, ‘or â€Å"Rhetoric written for [friend] Herennius† and called in later medieval and Renaissance times the â€Å"new† rhetoric, to distinguish it from the â€Å"old† rhetoric represented by Cicero’s earliest work, the De inventione (â€Å"On invention†Ã¢â‚¬â€the first part of the rhetorical curriculum), became an all-time record hit textbook for the Greek and Roman art of persuasion in the period c.400 – 1600 A.D (Elliot Aronson, 1992). Written at around the same time as Cicero’s De inventione, that is, in the first two decades of the last century B.C., the â€Å"Rhetoric written for [friend] Herennius† was soon lost and then rediscovered around 400 A.D. It achieved its premier status because it dealt with the whole rhetorical curriculum (the finding of the most appropriate arguments, the arrangement of them, the memorization of them, the delivery of them and the orn amentation of them with graceful figures of speech and thought), and it was written in simple, didactic Latin—the universal learned language of the time. It was also illustrated with easy and relevant examples, many of them composed by the writer himself, who believed that you should illustrate your rhetorical precepts with your own compositions rather than purple passages taken from prior writings (Mark Robson, 2007). The â€Å"Rhetoric written for [friend] Herennius,† together with certain advanced Greek and Roman textbooks, gathered momentum over the thousand and more years following the Herennius text’s â€Å"rediscovery† and even the highly opinionated view of certain late-fifteenth-century rhetorical teachers that it was not by Cicero, did not dent its popularity. By the time the long road from Aristotle’s textbook on rhetoric and its near-contemporary, anonymous, â€Å"Rhetoric for Alexander† (fourth century B.C.10) had been traversed; the â€Å"old† and the â€Å"new† rhetoric amounted to a pretty formidable arsenal of techniques and practices for constructing â€Å"truth† and persuading others of it (Laura R. Micciche, 2007). Aristotle recognized the value of rhetoric and the manner it could be directed to a specific audience. He perceived it as a form of speaking to an audience comprised of ordinary citizens and the idea that it makes use of a common idea or belief shared by the speaker and the audience (enthymeme). He believed that rhetoric was a techno and identified the need to understand characteristics of human emotions and the elements of an argument in order to speak with authority on any given subject. He identified the integrity and believability of a speaker as the key ingredient (Laura R. Micciche, 2007). But what are we today to make of this huge and effective corpus and in what senses can there be today a further â€Å"new rhetoric†? As George Pullman says below, â€Å"The old rhetoric, it seems, is something difficult to outrun.† In this Pullman echoes the statement of Edward P.J.Corbett, who, in his Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, wrote: (Edward P.J Corbett, 1998). â€Å"The author believes that the elaborate system of the ancients, which taught the student how to find something to say, how to select and organize his material, and how to phrase it in the best possible way, is still useful and effective, perhaps more useful and effective than the various courses of study that replaced it.† We may well argue that today all the ancient techniques of persuasion are utilized knowingly or unknowingly in our modern systems of marketing and advertising—though we do not build into these systems the ethical and moral imperatives that great rhetorical writers of the past, such as Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian, did. Nor do we make sure that our young are fully familiar with all the techniques of oral and written persuasion that may be available to them, as was common in former times. Here the warning of Pratkanis and Aronson is very pertinent: â€Å"We believe that, in an age of propaganda, the most important thing for the survival of democracy is the existence of communicators who know how to present their message clearly and fairly, coupled with an informed electorate that knows the difference between a fair presentation and a con job. It is toward achieving these ends that we wrote this book.† Rhetoric, indeed, is too important to be left to today’s marketing experts. Use of the term has expanded enormously in recent times, to include all cultures, genders, classes and even animals. We must ourselves nowadays understand the history and meaning of the word and how it might empower us today to meet and deal effectively with the explosion of new technologies of persuasion and communication, particularly in regard to the new electronic age and the infinite changes and possibilities associated with it. The authors of the present volume are fully aware of the inherited rhetorical tradition and of the â€Å"changes† that must be incorporated into the â€Å"new† rhetoric for our own times (Mark Robson, 2007). A rhetor can use a variety of strategies to communicate the message, or to create the kinds of appeal that will best move the audience. The rhetor must engage the audience, gaining their attention and maintaining it in order to reveal the exigence as a problem in the world that the audience can change. The speaker must then, using only discourse, motivate them to change the situation the discourse has identified (Mark Robson, 2007). Finally, if the rhetor is to be truly effective, he or she must in some way enable or empower the audience to take the action requested. The rhetor must do all this in a subtle way, so that the method of influence the use of the modes of appeal does not call attention to it, but instead allows its effect to be felt directly. Thus the intended audience for a discourse, who are moved to action by its appeals, would be unlikely to analyze how they are being persuaded; they will feel convinced, but often are in no position to perceive, much less articulate, how that persuasion has occurred. That role belongs to the rhetorical critic (Laura R. Micciche, 2007). By contrast with the audience, the rhetoricians role is not to be persuaded by the discourse, but to understand how the discourse works to influence its intended hearers. A rhetoricians job is to mine an existing discourse to reveal the underlying strategies and common-sense assumptions upon which the argument has been constructed. Among other questions a rhetorician asks is What view of the world would the audience need in order for this discourse to make sense to them? What assumptions of theirs are being taken for granted? Both the rhetor who constructs the discourse and the rhetorician who analyzes its appeals are assisted by a thorough understanding of rhetorical principles, which are built, like most such theories, from a study of effective practice. A rhetorician who studies, for example, political autobiography, will be able to comment on three distinct levels. First, the rhetorical critic will be able to reveal how the specific discourse under consideration achieves its purpose how it has been adapted to its intended audience, and the nature of the ethos, logos, and pathos appeals it uses. The critic will consider its engagement, motivating, and enabling strategies. Second, the rhetorici an will be able to comment on the nature of political autobiography as a genre; he or she will show how, by comparison with other works in the same genre, the author has adhered to, or departed from, the generic conventions, which have acted as constraints upon the rhetor. The rhetorical critic will point out no teworthy effects of the discourse as a representative of its type, how it conforms to or challenges its generic constraints (Laura R. Micciche, 2007). Finally, this rhetorician can contribute something to the understanding of how in general discursive appeals work to persuade an audience. He or she may even be able to infer broad theoretical principles from the situated instance of discourse that is being studied, considering how it fits into the theoretical framework of the discipline as a whole (George A. Kennedy, 1999). The study of rhetoric, both as a situated art and as a body of theoretical material, is important. It is a critical tool that helps us to understand how discourse shapes the way people act or think, not only in the case of situated instances of rhetorical discourse but also in much broader terms. Such study leads to a fuller understanding of how discourse, and particularly persuasive discourse, is able to move an audience. As human beings, as citizens, as teachers and scholars, we use language all the time to modify and influence events in the world around us. Equally, other people use language to influence our thoughts and behavior. It is important for us, as educated people, to know as much as we can about how this influence is affected. Such knowledge is useful not only for its practical benefits, but because it forms a critical and analytical foundation for approaching many of the tasks that face us daily as we construct and respond to the discourse that shapes our experience of the world (George A. Kennedy, 1999). From the time of the ancient Greeks until present, rhetoric has been used effectively in works of writing and in speeches. Plato, Aristotle, and Quintilian have illustrated the use and tactics of rhetoric wonderfully. Though in the ancient Greeks time rhetoric was meant to be used only to persuade something truthful or seek something truthful, it now it is used heavily by politicians. Although its purpose has somewhat changed over the years, its function has stayed the same. References Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson In Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion New York: Freeman, 1992. George A. Kennedy Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times The University of North Carolina Press, February 1999. Mark Robson The Sense of Early Modern Writing: Rhetoric, Poetics, Aesthetics, Manchester University Press, July 2007. Laura R. Micciche Doing Emotion: Rhetoric, Writing, Teaching, Boynton/Cook publisher, August 2007. Edward P.J Corbett Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, New York: Oxford University Press, August 1998.